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bring one's case to the Council

  • 1 to bring one's case to the Council

    представить / внести вопрос на рассмотрение совета

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to bring one's case to the Council

  • 2 bring

    v ( brought)
    1) приносить; привозить; доставлять; приводить
    - bring smb. into a state
    - bring smth. into a state
    2) вводить, вносить, представлять
    •
    - bring smb. into talks

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > bring

  • 3 case

    I noun
    1) (instance, matter) Fall, der

    it is [not] the case that... — es trifft [nicht] zu od. stimmt [nicht], dass...

    it seems to be the case that they have... — sie scheinen tatsächlich... zu haben

    as is generally the case with... — wie das normalerweise bei... der Fall ist

    in case... — falls...; für den Fall, dass... (geh.)

    [just] in case — (to allow for all possibilities) für alle Fälle

    in case of fire/ danger — bei Feuer/Gefahr

    in any case — (regardless of anything else) jedenfalls

    in no case — (certainly not) auf keinen Fall

    in that case — in diesem Fall

    2) (Med., Police, Soc. Serv., etc., or coll.): (person afflicted) Fall, der

    he is a mental/psychiatric case — er ist ein Fall für den Psychiater

    3) (Law) Fall, der; (action) Verfahren, das

    the case for the prosecution/defence — die Anklage/Verteidigung

    4) (fig.): (set of arguments) Fall, der; (valid set of arguments)

    have a [good] case for doing something/for something — gute Gründe haben, etwas zu tun/für etwas haben

    5) (Ling.) Fall, der; Kasus, der (fachspr.)
    6) (fig. coll.) (comical person) ulkiger Typ (ugs.); (comical woman) ulkige Nudel (ugs.)
    II 1. noun
    1) Koffer, der; (small) Handkoffer, der; (briefcase) [Akten]tasche, die; (for musical instrument) Kasten, der
    2) (sheath) Hülle, die; (for spectacles, cigarettes) Etui, das; (for jewellery) Schmuckkassette, die
    3) (crate) Kiste, die

    case of oranges — Kiste [mit] Apfelsinen

    4) (glass box) Vitrine, die

    [display] case — Schaukasten, der

    5) (cover) Gehäuse, das
    2. transitive verb
    1) (box) verpacken
    2) (sl.): (examine)

    case the joint — sich (Dat.) den Laden mal ansehen (ugs.)

    * * *
    I [keis] noun
    1) (an instance or example: another case of child-beating; a bad case of measles.) der Fall
    2) (a particular situation: It's different in my case.) der Fall
    3) (a legal trial: The judge in this case is very fair.) der Fall
    4) (an argument or reason: There's a good case for thinking he's wrong.) der Fall
    5) ((usually with the) a fact: I don't think that's really the case.) der Fall
    6) (a form of a pronoun (eg he or him), noun or adjective showing its relation to other words in the sentence.) der Fall
    •
    - academic.ru/116781/in_case">in case
    - in case of
    - in that case     II [keis] noun
    1) (a container or outer covering: a case of medical instruments; a suitcase.) der Kasten
    2) (a crate or box: six cases of whisky.) die Kiste
    3) (a piece of furniture for displaying or containing things: a glass case full of china; a bookcase.) der Schrank
    * * *
    case1
    [keɪs]
    n
    1. (situation, instance) Fall m
    is that the \case with you? trifft das für Sie zu?
    if that is the \case... wenn das der Fall ist...; (is true) wenn das stimmt [o zutrifft]...
    in the \case of her having failed... sollte sie nicht bestanden haben,...
    it's not a \case of choice but of having to mit Wollen hat das nichts zu tun, eher mit Müssen
    in \case of an emergency im Notfall
    a \case in point ein [zu]treffendes Beispiel
    in most \cases meistens, in den meisten Fällen
    as [or whatever] the \case might [or may] be wie dem auch sein mag, wie auch immer
    in \case... für den Fall, dass..., falls...
    in \case the police come, hide the money versteck das Geld, falls [o für den Fall, dass] die Polizei kommt
    bring a map, just in \case you get lost bring eine Karte mit, nur für den Fall, dass du dich verirrst
    just in \case für alle Fälle
    in any \case (besides)
    I haven't been invited in any \case ich bin sowieso nicht eingeladen
    we'll have a look, but it may be too expensive for us in any \case wir schauen es uns mal an, es ist aber vielleicht sowieso zu teuer für uns; (at least)
    the school, or in any \case the head, is against the council's plans die Schule, oder zumindest der Rektor, ist gegen die Gemeindepläne; (regardless)
    in any \case, they ended up having a big argument am Ende haben sie sich jedenfalls [o auf jeden Fall] heftig gestritten
    in no \case unter keinen Umständen, auf keinen Fall
    2. (matter) Angelegenheit f, Frage f
    a \case of conscience eine Gewissensfrage
    3. LAW (matter) [Rechts]fall m, Sache f; (suit) Verfahren nt
    is he the detective on the \case? ist er der Kriminalbeamte, der den Fall bearbeitet
    the \case went against her es wurde gegen sie entschieden
    there was no \case against her es lag nichts gegen sie vor
    an assault \case ein Fall m von Körperverletzung
    murder \case Mordfall m
    civil/criminal \case Zivil-/Strafsache f, Zivil-/Strafverfahren m
    to come down to \cases zur Sache kommen
    to lose/win a \case einen Prozess verlieren/gewinnen
    to state one's \case ( also fig) seinen Fall vortragen a. fig
    4. MED Fall m
    \case of malaria (illness) Malariafall m, Fall m von Malaria; (patient) ein Malariakranker
    mental \case Geisteskranke(r) f(m)
    5. usu sing (arguments) Argumente pl (for/against für/gegen + akk)
    there's a good [or strong] \case for buying our products es gibt viele [gute] Gründe, unsere Produkte zu kaufen
    is there a good \case for reinstating him? was spricht dafür, ihn wieder einzusetzen?
    to make [out] a \case against/for sth gegen/für etw akk argumentieren
    to make out a good \case for sth gute [o überzeugende] Argumente für etw akk vorbringen
    to overstate the \case etw zu vehement vertreten
    6. no pl LAW (evidence) Beweisvorbringen nt fachspr
    let's hear the \case for the defence die Verteidigung hat das Wort
    the \case rests die Beweisführung ist abgeschlossen
    I rest my \case ( fig fam) genau, das sage ich ja schon die ganze Zeit! fam
    a good [or strong] \case ein aussichtsreiches Vorbringen fachspr
    he has a good [or strong] \case seine Klage erscheint aussichtsreich
    no \case to answer unschlüssiges Vorbringen fachspr
    there is no \case to answer das Vorbringen ist unschlüssig fachspr
    she has no \case to answer die gegen sie erhobene Klage ist unschlüssig fachspr
    the court decided that there was no \case to answer die Klage wurde als unschlüssig abgewiesen fachspr
    the prosecution failed to make a \case [for him] to answer die Staatsanwaltschaft konnte keinen schlüssigen Beweise [gegen ihn] vorbringen
    to close the \case die Beweisaufnahme schließen
    7. ( fig: person)
    he's a \case ( also hum fam) er ist eine komische Type fam
    a hard \case ein schwieriger Fall; (criminal) ein schwerer Junge fam
    to be a hopeless/sad \case ein hoffnungsloser/trauriger Fall sein
    to be [or get] on sb's \case jdm auf die Nerven gehen fam
    get off my \case! hör auf, mich zu nerven! fam
    9. LING Fall m, Kasus m fachspr
    to be in the accusative/genitive \case im Akkusativ/Genitiv stehen
    case2
    [keɪs]
    n
    1. (suitcase) Koffer m
    2. (for display) Vitrine f, Schaukasten m
    3. (packaging plus contents) Kiste f; for instruments Kasten m
    a \case of wine eine Kiste Wein
    4. (small container) Schatulle f; (for hat) Schachtel f; (for spectacles) Etui nt; (for musical instrument) Kasten m; (for CD, MC, umbrella) Hülle f
    5. TYPO Setzkasten m
    lower/upper \case letter Klein-/Großbuchstabe m
    to be written in lower/upper \case letters kleingeschrieben/großgeschrieben sein
    case3
    [keɪs]
    vt ( fam)
    to \case the joint sich dat den Laden mal ansehen sl
    to \case a place einen Ort inspizieren
    * * *
    I [keɪs]
    n
    1) (= situation) Fall m

    if that's the case — wenn das der Fall ist, wenn das zutrifft or stimmt

    is that the case with you? — ist das bei Ihnen der Fall?, trifft das auf Sie zu?

    if it is the case that you're right... — sollten Sie wirklich or tatsächlich recht haben..., im Fall(e), dass Sie tatsächlich recht haben...

    such being the case — da das der Fall ist, da dem so ist (geh)

    2) (= instance, police case MED ETC) Fall m

    in most cases — meist( ens), in den meisten Fällen

    a typical case (of) —

    in case of emergency — im Notfall m, bei Gefahr f

    in this/that case — in dem Fall

    in no case — unter keinen Umständen, auf keinen Fall

    five cases of smallpox/pneumonia — fünf Pockenfälle/Fälle von Lungenentzündung f

    3) (JUR) Fall m

    the case for the defence/prosecution — die Verteidigung/Anklage

    in the case Higgins v Schwarz —

    the case for/against the abolition of capital punishment — die Argumente für/gegen die Abschaffung der Todesstrafe

    you haven't got a case — das Belastungsmaterial reicht nicht für ein Verfahren; (fig) Sie haben keine Handhabe

    you/they have a good case — es ist durchaus gerechtfertigt, was Sie/sie sagen

    there's a very good case for adopting this method — es spricht sehr viel dafür, diese Methode zu übernehmen

    they do not have a very good case — sie haben nicht viel Chancen, damit durchzukommen

    to put the case for sth —

    there's a good case for voting Labour — es gibt viele Gründe, Labour zu wählen

    the court decided that there was no case against him — das Gericht entschied, dass nichts gegen ihn vorlag

    4) (GRAM) Fall m, Kasus m
    5) (inf: person) Witzbold m, Type f (inf)

    a hopeless/sad case —

    to be on sb's case ( about sth) — jdn (wegen etw) nerven (inf)

    to get on sb's case (about sth) — an jdm (wegen etw) herummeckern (inf)

    get off my case! — lass mich in Ruhe! (inf)

    II
    1. n
    1) (= suitcase) Koffer m; (= crate, packing case) Kiste f; (= display case) Vitrine f, Schau- or Glaskasten m
    2) (= box) Schachtel f; (for jewels) Schatulle f, Kästchen nt; (for spectacles) Etui nt, Futteral nt; (= seed case) Hülse f, Hülle f; (for CD, umbrella) Hülle f; (= pillowcase) Bezug m; (for musical instrument) Kasten m; (of watch) Gehäuse nt
    3) (TYP)

    upper/lower case — groß-/kleingeschrieben

    2. vt (inf)

    to case the joint — sich (dat) den Laden ansehen (inf)

    * * *
    case1 [keıs]
    A s
    1. Fall m:
    a case in point ein typischer Fall, ein einschlägiges Beispiel;
    a clear case of injustice ein klarer Fall von Ungerechtigkeit;
    it is a case of es handelt sich um; → shoplifting, etc
    2. Fall m, Umstand m, Lage f:
    a) auf jeden Fall, jedenfalls,
    b) sowieso;
    in no case auf keinen Fall, keinesfalls;
    a) auch in case that … im Falle, dass …; falls
    b) für alle Fälle;
    in case of im Falle von (od gen);
    in case of need nötigenfalls, im Notfall;
    in that case in diesem Falle;
    just in case für den Fall eines Falles;
    the case is this die Sache ist die, der Fall liegt so;
    as the case may be je nachdem
    3. Fall m, Tatsache f:
    that is not the case (with him) das ist (bei ihm) nicht der Fall, das trifft (auf ihn) nicht zu;
    as is the case with me wie es bei mir der Fall ist;
    if that is the case wenn das der Fall ist, wenn das zutrifft
    4. Sache f, Angelegenheit f, Frage f:
    case of conscience Gewissensfrage;
    that alters the case das ändert die Sache;
    come down to cases umg zur Sache kommen
    5. JUR (Streit-, Rechts) Sache f, (Rechts) Fall m:
    the case of Brown der Fall Brown; → leading case
    6. besonders JUR
    a)(Gesamtheit f der) Tatsachen pl und Beweise pl, Beweismaterial n
    b) ( auch begründeter) Standpunkt (einer Partei)
    c) allg Argumente pl, (triftige) Gründe pl:
    the case for the defence (US defense) die Verteidigung;
    make out a case seine Sache beweisen;
    make out one’s case triftige Gründe vorlegen, seine Gründe als stichhaltig beweisen;
    state one’s case seine Klage oder Verteidigung od (a. allg)seine Sache vortragen;
    he has a good ( oder strong) case viele Tatsachen sprechen für ihn, er hat gute Beweise, seine Sache steht gut;
    there is a case for it es gibt triftige Gründe dafür, vieles spricht dafür;
    have no case against sb nichts gegen jemanden in der Hand haben; → rest1 C 7
    7. LING Kasus m, Fall m
    8. MED (Krankheits)Fall m, Patient(in):
    two cases of typhoid zwei Fälle von Typhus, zwei Typhuskranke
    9. umg komischer Kauz
    10. US umg Verliebtheit f:
    they had quite a case on each other sie waren schrecklich ineinander verknallt
    B v/t umg eine Bank etc ausbaldowern sl, auskundschaften:
    case the joint sich den Laden genau ansehen
    case2 [keıs]
    A s
    1. Kiste f, Kasten m:
    a case of wine eine Kiste Wein
    2. allg Behälter m, Behältnis n, besonders
    a) Schachtel f
    b) (Schmuck) Kästchen n
    c) (Brillen-, Zigaretten- etc) Etui n, (Brillen-, Messer) Futteral n, (Schutz)Hülle f (für Bücher, Messer etc)
    d) (Akten-, Schreib) Mappe f
    e) Koffer m
    f) (Glas) Schrank m
    g) (Uhr- etc) Gehäuse n
    h) (Kissen) Bezug m, Überzug m
    3. Besteckkasten m (eines Chirurgen etc):
    4. ARCH (Tür-, Fenster) Futter n, Einfassung f
    5. Buchbinderei: Einbanddecke f
    6. TYPO Setzkasten m: → lower case 1, upper case 1
    7. TECH Verkleidung f, Mantel m
    8. MIL → case shot
    B v/t
    1. in ein Gehäuse oder Futteral stecken, mit einem Gehäuse oder einer Hülle umgeben
    2. (in) einhüllen (in akk), umgeben (mit)
    3. JAGD einen Fuchs etc abziehen, abbalgen
    4. Buchbinderei: den Buchblock (in die Einbanddecke) einhängen
    5. TECH verkleiden, ummanteln
    6. TYPO Lettern in den Setzkasten einordnen
    cs. abk WIRTSCH case ( cases pl)
    * * *
    I noun
    1) (instance, matter) Fall, der

    it is [not] the case that... — es trifft [nicht] zu od. stimmt [nicht], dass...

    it seems to be the case that they have... — sie scheinen tatsächlich... zu haben

    as is generally the case with... — wie das normalerweise bei... der Fall ist

    in case... — falls...; für den Fall, dass... (geh.)

    [just] in case — (to allow for all possibilities) für alle Fälle

    in case of fire/ danger — bei Feuer/Gefahr

    in no case — (certainly not) auf keinen Fall

    2) (Med., Police, Soc. Serv., etc., or coll.): (person afflicted) Fall, der

    he is a mental/psychiatric case — er ist ein Fall für den Psychiater

    3) (Law) Fall, der; (action) Verfahren, das

    the case for the prosecution/defence — die Anklage/Verteidigung

    4) (fig.): (set of arguments) Fall, der; (valid set of arguments)

    have a [good] case for doing something/for something — gute Gründe haben, etwas zu tun/für etwas haben

    5) (Ling.) Fall, der; Kasus, der (fachspr.)
    6) (fig. coll.) (comical person) ulkiger Typ (ugs.); (comical woman) ulkige Nudel (ugs.)
    II 1. noun
    1) Koffer, der; (small) Handkoffer, der; (briefcase) [Akten]tasche, die; (for musical instrument) Kasten, der
    2) (sheath) Hülle, die; (for spectacles, cigarettes) Etui, das; (for jewellery) Schmuckkassette, die
    3) (crate) Kiste, die

    case of oranges — Kiste [mit] Apfelsinen

    4) (glass box) Vitrine, die

    [display] case — Schaukasten, der

    5) (cover) Gehäuse, das
    2. transitive verb
    1) (box) verpacken
    2) (sl.): (examine)

    case the joint — sich (Dat.) den Laden mal ansehen (ugs.)

    * * *
    (carpentry) n.
    Zarge -n (Tür, Fenster) f. n.
    Angelegenheit f.
    Fach ¨-er n.
    Fall ¨-e m.
    Gehäuse - n.
    Kiste -n f.
    Koffer - m.
    Prozess -e m.
    Sache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > case

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 machinery

    1. организационный аппарат
    2. оборудование
    3. механизм
    4. машины и оборудование
    5. машины
    6. машинное оборудование

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8
    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8
    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11
    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11
    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

     

    машины
    оборудование
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    машины
    Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    машины и оборудование
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    машины и оборудование
    МСО
    Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    EN

    machinery
    A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    механизм
    Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    машины, механизмы
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
    Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
    Примечание
    В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    оборудование
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    оборудование
    -
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    оборудование
    Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    EN

    equipment
    single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
    NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    equipment
    material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    FR

    équipement, m
    matériel, m
    appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
    NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
    [IEV number 151-11-25]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    организационный аппарат
    —
    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

    3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

    Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery

  • 6 on

    on
    1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) sobre, encima de, en
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) en
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) a; el, los
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) sobre
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) en, de
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) sobre, en
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) con, a
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) en
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) a, hacia
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) en
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) por
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) con
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) en
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) tras

    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) en
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) continuamente, sin parar
    3) ((also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) en marcha, en funcionamiento
    4) ((also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) en exhibición, en cartelera
    5) ((also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) a bordo

    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) en curso
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) en pie
    •
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto
    on1 adv
    1. encendido / puesto
    2. abierto
    3. puesto
    4.
    what time is the programme on? ¿a qué hora dan el programa?
    5. adelante / sin parar
    the policeman told him to stop, but he drove on el policía le dijo que parara, pero siguió adelante
    she saw me, but she just walked on me vio, pero siguió su camino
    on2 prep
    1. en / sobre
    2. en
    3.
    4. en
    what's on at the cinema? ¿qué echan en el cine?
    5. sobre
    on the left / on the right a la izquierda / a la derechaon seguido de un gerundio se traduce al español por al más el infinitivo
    on arriving, she phoned her mother al llegar, llamó a su madre
    on
    tr[ɒn]
    1 (covering or touching) sobre, encima de, en
    2 (supported by, hanging from) en
    3 (to, towards) a, hacia
    ■ on the right/left a la derecha/izquierda
    5 (concerning) sobre
    ■ we went on a journey nos fuimos de viaje, hicimos un viaje
    7 (days, dates, times) no se traduce
    8 (at the time of, just after) al
    ■ on foot, on horseback, on a bicycle a pie, a caballo, en bicicleta
    ■ on the train, on the bus, on the underground en el tren, en el autobús, en el metro
    11 (regarding, about) sobre, de
    ■ on the radio, on the TV por la radio, por la tele
    13 (using) con
    ■ how do you get by on your pension? ¿cómo te las arreglas con tu pensión?
    14 (state, process) diferentes traducciones
    15 (working for, belonging to) diferentes traducciones
    ■ whose side are you on? ¿de parte de quién estás?
    ■ have you got any money on you? ¿llevas dinero?
    17 (paid for by) pagado por
    ■ the drinks are on me! ¡invito yo!
    18 (by comparison with) respecto a
    1 (not stopping) sin parar
    ■ on with the show! the show must go on! ¡que siga el espectáculo!
    ■ who left the TV on? ¿quién dejó la TV encendida?
    ■ don't leave the tap on! ¡no dejes el grifo abierto!
    ■ could you put a record on? ¿podrías poner un disco?
    ■ is there anything good on TV? ¿dan algo bueno por la tele?
    ■ what time is the film on? ¿a qué hora ponen la película?
    ■ have we got anything on this weekend? ¿tenemos plan para este fin de semana?
    ■ is the heating on? ¿está puesta la calefacción?
    ■ is the party still on? ¿se hace la fiesta?
    ■ the match is on after all después de todo, el partido se celebra
    ■ you're on next! ¡sales tú el próximo!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    and so on y así sucesivamente
    from that day on a partir de aquel día
    it's not on no hay derecho, eso no vale
    on line SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL conectado,-a
    to be on about hablar de
    ■ what on earth is he on about? ¿de qué diablos está hablando?
    to be on at somebody dar la lata a alguien
    to be on for something apuntarse a algo
    to go on and on about something seguir dale que dale con algo
    to have something on somebody tener algo contra alguien
    you're on! ¡trato hecho!
    on ['ɑn, 'ɔn] adv
    put the top on: pon la tapa
    he has a hat on: lleva un sombrero puesto
    from that moment on: a partir de ese momento
    farther on: más adelante
    turn the light on: prende la luz
    on adj
    the radio is on: el radio está prendido
    the game is on: el juego ha comenzado
    3)
    to be on to : estar enterado de
    on prep
    1) (indicating position) : en, sobre, encima de
    on the table: en (sobre, encima de) la mesa
    shadows on the wall: sombras en la pared
    on horseback: a caballo
    2) at, to: a
    on the right: a la derecha
    3) aboard, in: en, a
    on the plane: en el avión
    he got on the train: subió al tren
    she worked on Saturdays: trabajaba los sábados
    every hour on the hour: a la hora en punto
    he cut himself on a tin can: se cortó con una lata
    to talk on the telephone: hablar por teléfono
    on fire: en llamas
    on the increase: en aumento
    on a committee: en una comisión
    on vacation: de vacaciones
    on a diet: a dieta
    9) about, concerning: sobre
    a book on insects: un libro sobre insectos
    reflect on that: reflexiona sobre eso
    on
    adj.
    • conectado, -a adj.
    • en marcha adj.
    • encendido, -a adj.
    adv.
    • encima adv.
    prep.
    • acerca de prep.
    • conectado (Electricidad) prep.
    • de prep.
    • en prep.
    • encendido (Electricidad) prep.
    • encima de prep.
    • sobre prep.

    I ɑːn, ɒn
    1)

    put it on the table — ponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress on — llevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button on — coser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further on — un poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on — \<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in there — hay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Friday — la fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    [ɒn] When on is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg have on, get on, go on, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, such as broadside on, further on, look up the other word.
    1. PREP
    1) (indicating place, position) en, sobre

    • on the ceiling — sobre el techo

    • on the Continent — en Europa

    • with her hat on her head — con el sombrero puesto

    • on page two — en la página dos

    • on the right — a la derecha

    • on the high seas — en alta mar

    • on all sides — por todas partes, por todos lados

    • a house on the square — una casa en la plaza

    • on the table — en or sobre la mesa

    • a meal on the train — una comida en el tren

    • hanging on the wall — colgado en la pared

    • on a day like this — (en) un día como este

    • on the evening of July 2nd — el 2 de julio por la tarde

    3) (=at the time of)

    on my arrival — al llegar, a mi llegada

    4) (=about, concerning) sobre, acerca de

    a book on physics — un libro de or sobre física

    have you read Purnell on Churchill? — ¿has leído los comentarios de Purnell sobre Churchill?

    have you heard the boss on the new tax? — ¿has oído lo que dice el jefe acerca de la nueva contribución?

    5) (=towards, against)
    6) (=earning, receiving)

    he's on £6,000 a year — gana seis mil libras al año

    • a student on a grant — un estudiante con beca

    • many live on less than that — muchos viven con menos

    7) (=taking, consuming)

    • I'm on a milk diet — sigo un régimen lácteo

    • he's back on drugs — ha vuelto a drogarse

    • I'm on three pills a day — tomo tres píldoras al día

    live on 1.
    8) (=engaged in)

    • to be on holiday — estar de vacaciones

    • the company is on tour — la compañía está en gira

    • he's on the committee — es miembro del comité

    • he's on the permanent staff — es de plantilla

    10) (=playing)
    11) (TV, Rad)

    • on the radio — en or por la radio

    • on television — en or por (la) televisión

    • on video — en vídeo

    12) (=about one's person)
    13) (=after, according to)
    14) (=compared to)
    15) (=at the expense of)

    this round's on me — esta ronda la pago yo, invito yo

    the tour was on the Council — la gira la pagó el Consejo, corrió el Consejo con los gastos de la gira

    16) liter

    • on account of — a causa de

    • on good authority — de buena tinta

    • on a charge of murder — acusado de homicidio

    • on foot — a pie

    • on horseback — a caballo

    • on pain of — so pena de

    • on sale — de venta

    • on the telephone — por teléfono

    • on time — a la hora, a tiempo

    base I, 2., 2)
    2. ADV
    1) (=in place) [lid etc] puesto
    screw on

    what's she got on? — ¿qué lleva puesto?, ¿cómo va vestida?

    from that day on — a partir de aquel día, de aquel día en adelante

    • on and off — de vez en cuando, a intervalos

    • it was well on in the evening — estaba ya muy entrada la tarde

    well on in years — entrado en años, que va para viejo

    further 1., 1), later 1., 2)

    to go/walk on — seguir adelante

    • he rambled on and on — estuvo dale que dale *, estuvo dale y dale (esp LAm)

    • and so on — (=and the rest) y demás; (=etc) etcétera

    • on with the show! — ¡que empiece or continúe el espectáculo!

    on with the dancing girls! — ¡que salgan las bailarinas!

    • what are you on about? * — ¿de qué (me) hablas?

    • he's always on at me about it * — me está majando continuamente con eso *

    go on
    3. ADJ
    1) (=functioning, in operation)

    to be on — [engine] estar encendido, estar en marcha; [switch] estar encendido or conectado; [machine] estar encendido or funcionando; [light] estar encendido, estar prendido (LAm); [TV set etc] estar encendido, estar puesto, estar prendido (LAm); [tap] estar abierto; [brake etc] estar puesto, estar echado

    in the on position — [tap] abierto, en posición de abierto; (Elec) encendido, puesto, prendido (LAm)

    2) (=being performed, shown)

    what's on at the cinema? — ¿qué ponen en el cine?

    what's on at the theatre? — ¿qué dan en el teatro?

    "what's on in London" — "cartelera de los espectáculos londinenses"

    3) (=taking place)

    is the meeting still on tonight? — ¿sigue en pie la reunión de esta noche?, ¿se lleva a cabo siempre la reunión de esta noche? (LAm)

    4) (=arranged)

    have you got anything on this evening? — ¿tienes compromiso para esta noche?

    sorry, I've got something on tonight — lo siento, esta noche tengo un compromiso

    5) (=performing, working)

    to be on — [actor] estar en escena

    are you on next? — ¿te toca a ti la próxima vez?

    are you on tomorrow? — (=on duty) ¿trabajas mañana?, ¿estás de turno mañana?

    6) * (indicating agreement, acceptance)

    you're on! — ¡te tomo la palabra!

    are you still on for dinner tomorrow night? — ¿sigo contando contigo para cenar mañana?

    that's not on — (Brit) eso no se hace, no hay derecho

    4.
    EXCL ¡adelante!
    * * *

    I [ɑːn, ɒn]
    1)

    put it on the table — ponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress on — llevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button on — coser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further on — un poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on — \<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in there — hay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Friday — la fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    English-spanish dictionary > on

  • 7 lay

    ̈ɪleɪ I прил.
    1) мирской, светский She serves as a lay teacher at the convent school. ≈ Она преподает в монастырской школе как мирской учитель. Syn: nonecclesiastical, profane, secular, nonclerical, laic, laical
    2) непрофессиональный The patient's lay diagnosis was close to the doctor's. ≈ Диагноз, поставленный непрофессионалами, оказался близким к врачебному. Syn: nonprofessional, unprofessional, amateur, inexpert, inexperienced, partly informed, nonspecialist
    3) карт. некозырной II сущ.
    1) лэ, короткая песенка;
    короткая баллада
    2) пение птиц III
    1. гл.;
    прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. - laid
    1) класть;
    положить (on) They laid the boards flat. ≈ Они положили доски на пол. Lay the packages on the table. ≈ Положи пакеты на стол. Syn: put, place, set down, set, rest, repose, deposit, cause to lie
    2) примять, прибить( посевы) ;
    повалить The tornado laid the house flat. ≈ Торнадо полностью повалил все деревья. Syn: prostrate, knock down, level, fell, beat down, knock over, floor, ground, raze, throw to the ground
    3) а) накрывать, стелить to lay the table, to lay the cloth ≈ накрыть на стол б) накладывать, покрывать Lay the cartons one on top of the other. ≈ Накладывай картон один на другой. The tiles were laid in a geometric pattern. ≈ Плитка была выложена геометрическим рисунком. Syn: place, arrange, set, align, lay out, dispose, assemble
    4) откладывать яйца, нестись A turtle lays many eggs at one time. ≈ Черепаха откладывает сразу много яиц. Syn: produce, bear, deposit, oviposit
    5) а) возлагать (ответственность и т. п.), налагать, накладывать (штраф и т. п.) ;
    придавать (значение) It's a mistake to lay too much emphasis on grades. ≈ Неверно придавать слишком большое значение оценкам. б) приписывать( кому-л. что-л.) ;
    предъявлять;
    обвинять lay claim ∙ Syn: place, put, assign, allot, allocate, give, lend, apply;
    attribute, impute
    6) облагать( налогом) The town laid an assessment on property owners. ≈ Городские власти обложили владельцев недвижимости налогом. Syn: levy, charge, impose, exact, assess, demand, fine
    7) представлять, передавать на рассмотрение The nominating committee laid its slate before the board. ≈ Комитет по выдвижению кандидатур представил список кандидатов на рассмотрение правления. forward, present, offer, proffer, enunciate, elucidate, make a presentation of, place, put
    8) приводить в определенное состояние, положение to lay one's plans bare ≈ раскрыть свои планы to lay oneself open to suspicions (accusation) ≈ навлечь на себя подозрения (обвинение)
    9) составлять, организовывать, готовить The prisoners laid an escape plan. ≈ Заключенные составили план побега. Syn: arrange, formulate, form, make, devise, concoct, organize, plan, hatch, put together
    10) обыкн. страд. происходить, совершаться The first act was laid at a country estate. ≈ Действие первого акта происходило в загородном имении. Syn: set, locate, place, depict, seat, situate, stage, station
    11) прокладывать курс( корабля)
    12) свивать, вить (канаты и т. п.)
    13) разг. держать пари, биться об заклад He laid me ten dollars that it would not rain. ≈ Он поспорил со мной на десять долларов, что не будет дождя. Syn: wager, bet, gamble, hazard;
    give odds
    14) груб. вступить в связь ∙ lay about lay aside lay away lay before lay by lay down lay in lay in a stock lay off lay on lay out lay over lay up lay with to lay under obligation ≈ обязать to lay fast ≈ заключать в тюрьму to lay one's shirt on ≈ биться об заклад;
    давать голову на отсечение to lay oneself out (for;
    to) разг. ≈ стараться;
    напрягать все силы;
    выкладываться;
    из кожи вон лезть to lay eyes on smth. ≈ увидеть что-л. to lay it on smb. ≈ ударить кого-л.;
    дать кому-л. тумака - lay on the table lay hands on
    2. сущ.
    1) положение, расположение( of - чего-л.) ;
    направление the lay of a gun to the shoulder when aimed ≈ положение ружья при прицеливании Syn: position
    1., disposition
    2) разг. занятие, дело, поприще, работа For a year or two he wrote poetry. But then he gave up that lay. ≈ В течение года или пары лет он писал стихи, но потом бросил это занятие. Syn: business I
    1., occupation, job II
    1.
    3) берлога, логово, нора логовище( животных) Syn: lair
    1., couch I
    1.
    4) сл.;
    груб. а) половой акт Syn: coitus, sexual intercourse б) партнер для совершения полового акта (часто о женщине) IV прош. вр. от lie II положение, расположение (чего-л.) - the * of the land очертания и расположение страны;
    характер или рельеф местности( морское) спуск троса (сленг) род занятий, профессия, работа - to start a new * вступить на новое поприще план, намерение - what's your * tonight? какие у вас планы на сегодняшний вечер?;
    чем ты сегодня вечером собираешься заняться? (грубое) любовница;
    любовник - he is a good * он хорош в постели (грубое) совоокупление (морское) (профессионализм) доля в предприятии (особенно в китобойном промысле) (сельскохозяйственное) яйценоскость;
    яйцекладка - to be in( full, good) * хорошо нестись класть, положить - to * on shelf положить на полку - to * one's hand on /upon/ smb.'s shoulder положить руку кому-л. на плечо - he laid his head on a pillow он положил голову на подушку (просторечие) ложиться класть определенным образом - to * bricks класть кирпичи - to * the foundation заложить фундамент;
    положить начало - to * linoleum настилать линолеум устанавливать, разрабатывать - to * plans строить планы прокладывать, закладывать - to * a submarine cable прокладывать подводный кабель - to * a minefield устанавливать минное поле, минировать повалить, свалить - to * smb. low сбить кого-л. с ног - to * an opponent low with one punch свалить противника одним ударом унизить кого-л. (разговорное) накидываться, набрасываться - to * into smb. набрасываться на кого-л. с кулаками;
    бить, избивать;
    накидываться на кого-л. с руганью (разговорное) размахивать чем-л. - to * about oneself махать кулаками;
    наносить удары направо и налево примять, прибить - to * the dust примять пыль( о дожде) - to * crops примять посевы обыкн. pass помещать;
    переносить (действие и т. п.) предлагать пари, биться об заклад;
    делать ставку( на лошадь и т. п.) - to * a wager on the result of the race поставить на какую-л. лошадь на скачках - to * a bet that... держать пари, что... - I * ten shilling that he will not come держу пари на десять шиллингов, что он не придет - I'll * your never saw anything better than that я готов поручиться, что вы никогда не видели ничего лучше этого покрывать (ковром и т. п.) - to * the cloth покрывать стол скатертью - to * a floor with carpet покрывать пол ковром накладывать (краску) - to * colours on canvas накладывать краски на холст - to * a ground делать грунтовку накрывать (на стол) - to * to dinner накрыть на стол (к обеду) закладывать дрова, уголь (в камин и т. п.) ставить( ловушку) ;
    устраивать( засаду) - to * an ambush for smb. устроить засаду кому-л. (американизм) (сленг) подстерегать кого-л. (в засаде) ;
    подкарауливать кого-л. класть (яйца), нестись - the hens are *ing well now куры теперь хорошо несутся (энтомология) откладывать (яйца) накладывать (штраф, наказание и т. п.) ;
    налагать (бремя, обязательство) - to * a heavy tax on smth. облагать что-л. тяжелым налогом - to * strict injunctions on smb. отдавать кому-л. строжайшие приказания возлагать (ответственность) приписывать (вину) - to * the blame for smth. on smb. возлагать вину за что-л. на кого-л. - to * an accusation against smb. выдвинуть обвинение против кого-л. возлагать (надежды и т. п.) придавать (значение и т. п.) - to * one's hopes on smb. возлагать большие надежды на кого-л. - to * stress подчеркивать, считать важным - he *s great weight on your presence он придает большое значение вашему присутствию излагать, представлять (факты, сведения) ;
    ставить (вопрос) - to * one's ideas before smb. излагать свои идеи кому-л. - to * the case before the court излагать дело перед судом - to * an information against smb. доносить на кого-л. - to * evidence before a committee представить комиссии доказательства заявлять( претензию, права) - to * a claim to smth. предьявлять требование /претензию/ на что-л. рассеивать( сомнения, опасения) изгонять( злых духов) - to * a ghost прогнать призрак /привидение/ (морское) прокладывать (курс) (грубое) переспать( с женщиной;
    тж. to get laid) - to lay smb. under smth. накладывать что-л. на кого-л;
    обязывать кого-л. сделать что-л. - to * smb. under contribution наложить на кого-л. контрибуцию - to * smb. under an obligation обязать кого-л. - to * smb. under a necessity принуждать /вынуждать/ кого-л. - to lay smb., smth. + прилагательное: приводить( в какое-л. состояние), делать чем-л. - to * smth. flat сровнять что-л. с землей - to * land fallow( сельскохозяйственное) оставить землю под паром - to * the land waste опустошить страну - to * one's chest bare обнажить грудь - to * one's heart bare (образное) раскрыть кому-л. свое сердце, разоткровенничаться - to * one's plans bare раскрыть /разгласить/ свои планы - to * open раскрыть;
    обнаружить (намерения, заговор) ;
    открывать, оставлять незащищенным;
    разрезать, повредить( щеку и т. п.) - to * open a wound оставить рану открытой - to * oneself open открыться для удара (бокс) - to * oneself open to suspicions навлекать на себя подозрения > to * an aim прицеливаться > to * to heart принимать близко к сердцу > to * heads together советоваться;
    обсуждать > to * hands on завладевать, прибирать к рукам, захватывать, присваивать;
    поднять руку на (кого-л.) ;
    найти, достать;
    (церковное) рукополагать, посвящать в сан > to * hands on oneself наложить на себя руки, покончить с собой > I have it somewhere but I cannot * (my) hands on it now у меня это есть где-то, но я не могу сейчас найти > to * smth. to /at/ smb.'s door /to smb.'s charge/ обвинять кого-л. в чем-л.;
    считать кого-л. ответственным за что-л.;
    приписывать что-л. кому-л. > to * one's bones умереть;
    сложить свои кости, умереть;
    быть похороненным > to * one's account with /on, for/ smth. рассчитывать /надеяться/ на что-л. > to * stomach for a while заморить червячка > to * an egg (сленг) провалиться, оскандалиться( о певце, музыканте и т. п.) ;
    (военное) (жаргон) сбросить бомбу (тж. to * a bomb) лэ, баллада - the L. of Igor's Warfare Слово о полку Игореве светский, мирской;
    не духовный - * members of the vestry члены церковного совета из мирян - * baptism крещение, совершенное мирянином ( часто акушеркой) не имеющий монашеского сана - * brother послушник непрофессиональный - a * opinion мнение непрофессионала - * analyst психоаналитик без диплома врача - a book for the * public книга для неподготовленного читателя - a new Education Council containing * members as well as teachers в новый совет по образованию входят не только педагоги, но и представители общественности некозырной (о карте) ~ up выводить временно из строя;
    to lay up for repairs поставить на ремонт;
    to be laid up лежать больным extra ~ days дополнительное сталийное время ~ разг. предлагать пари, биться об заклад;
    I lay ten dollars that he will not come держу пари на десять долларов, что он не придет lay past от lie ~ возлагать (надежды и т. п.) ;
    придавать (значение) ~ груб. вступить в связь;
    lay about: to lay about one наносить удары направо и налево ~ заявлять (в состязательных бумагах) ~ (laid) класть, положить (on) ~ класть яйца, нестись ~ лэ, короткая песенка;
    короткая баллада ~ накладывать (краску) ;
    покрывать (слоем) ~ накрывать, стелить;
    to lay the table, to lay the cloth накрыть на стол ~ не профессиональный, не являющийся юристом ~ карт. некозырной ~ непрофессиональный;
    lay opinion мнение неспециалиста ~ разг. пари ~ пение птиц ~ положение, расположение (чего-л.) ;
    направление;
    очертание( берега) ;
    рельеф ~ разг. поприще, дело, работа ~ разг. предлагать пари, биться об заклад;
    I lay ten dollars that he will not come держу пари на десять долларов, что он не придет ~ привести в определенное состояние, положение ~ примять (посевы) ;
    повалить;
    to lay the dust прибить пыль ~ приписывать (кому-л. что-л.) ;
    предъявлять;
    обвинять;
    to lay claim предъявлять права, притязания ~ (обыкн. pass.) происходить, совершаться ~ прокладывать курс (корабля) ~ светский, мирской, недуховный ~ светский, мирской, не духовный, не церковный ~ свивать, вить (веревки и т. п.) ~ успокаивать;
    to lay an apprehension успокоить, рассеять опасения ~ энергично браться( за что-л.) ;
    to lay to one's oars налечь на весла ~ aside от lay кладывать, приберегать ~ груб. вступить в связь;
    lay about: to lay about one наносить удары направо и налево ~ груб. вступить в связь;
    lay about: to lay about one наносить удары направо и налево ~ успокаивать;
    to lay an apprehension успокоить, рассеять опасения to ~ an information (against smb.) доносить (на кого-л.) ~ aside бросать, выбрасывать;
    отказываться ~ aside pass. быть выведенным из строя ~ aside от lay кладывать, приберегать ~ aside откладывать (в сторону) ~ aside pass. хворать ~ before the court выступать в суде ~ by откладывать to ~ damages at взыскивать убыток с ~ down закладывать (здание, корабль) ~ down отказываться от должности ~ down покрывать (with - чем-л.) ;
    засеивать( травой, цветами и т. п.) ~ down приступать ~ down сложить (полномочия и т. п.), оставить (службу) ;
    to lay down the duties of office отказаться от должности;
    to lay down one's life отдать свою жизнь;
    пожертвовать жизнью ~ down составить( план) ~ down составлять план ~ down уложить ~ down устанавливать, утверждать;
    to lay down the law устанавливать, формулировать закон;
    говорить догматическим тоном;
    заявлять безапелляционно ~ down устанавливать ~ down утверждать ~ down формулировать ~ down сложить (полномочия и т. п.), оставить (службу) ;
    to lay down the duties of office отказаться от должности;
    to lay down one's life отдать свою жизнь;
    пожертвовать жизнью ~ down сложить (полномочия и т. п.), оставить (службу) ;
    to lay down the duties of office отказаться от должности;
    to lay down one's life отдать свою жизнь;
    пожертвовать жизнью ~ down устанавливать, утверждать;
    to lay down the law устанавливать, формулировать закон;
    говорить догматическим тоном;
    заявлять безапелляционно to ~ eyes (on smth.) увидеть (что-л.) ;
    to lay it (on smb.) ударить (кого-л.) ;
    дать (кому-л.) тумака to ~ fast заключать в тюрьму to ~ hands on поднять руку на (кого-л.), ударить;
    to lay hands on oneself наложить на себя руки, покончить с собой to ~ hands on церк. рукополагать, посвящать (в сан) ;
    to lay one's shirt on = биться об заклад;
    давать голову на отсечение to ~ hands on схватывать, завладевать;
    присваивать to ~ hands on поднять руку на (кого-л.), ударить;
    to lay hands on oneself наложить на себя руки, покончить с собой ~ in разг. выпороть, всыпать ~ in запасать ~ in запасать to ~ eyes (on smth.) увидеть (что-л.) ;
    to lay it (on smb.) ударить (кого-л.) ;
    дать (кому-л.) тумака ~ on накладывать (слой краски, штукатурки) ;
    to lay it on (thick) разг. преувеличивать;
    хватить через край ~ off временно увольнять ~ off амер. освободить или снять с работы (гл. обр. временно) ~ off амер. отдыхать ~ off освободить или снять с работы (гл. обр. временно) ~ off откладывать ~ off прекращать, переставать;
    lay off! перестань, отступись! ~ off прекращать, переставать;
    lay off! перестань, отступись! ~ off приостанавливать производство ~ off снимать( одежду) ~ on накладывать (слой краски, штукатурки) ;
    to lay it on (thick) разг. преувеличивать;
    хватить через край ~ on наносить (удары) ~ on облагать (налогом) ~ on подводить, прокладывать (газ, электричество и т. п.) ~ on разг. устраивать (вечеринку и т. п.) to ~ on the table включить в повестку дня (законопроект и т. п.) to ~ on the table амер. снять с обсуждения (предложение и т. п.) table: ~ attr. столовый;
    to lay on the table парл. отложить обсуждение( законопроекта) to ~ one's plans bare раскрыть свои планы to ~ hands on церк. рукополагать, посвящать (в сан) ;
    to lay one's shirt on = биться об заклад;
    давать голову на отсечение to ~ oneself open to suspicions (accusation) навлечь на себя подозрения (обвинение) to ~ oneself out (for;
    to c inf.) разг. стараться;
    напрягать все силы;
    выкладываться;
    из кожи вон лезть to ~ open открывать, обнажать, оставлять незащищенным ~ непрофессиональный;
    lay opinion мнение неспециалиста ~ out выкладывать, выставлять ~ out планировать, разбивать( сад, участок) ~ out положить на стол (покойника) ~ out свалить, сбить с ног, вывести из строя ~ out тратить ~ out тратить деньги ~ out убить ~ over откладывать (заседание и т. п.) ;
    прервать путешествие;
    задержаться ~ over покрывать (слоем чего-л.) ~ over разг. превосходить;
    превышать;
    получить преимущество ~ примять (посевы) ;
    повалить;
    to lay the dust прибить пыль ~ накрывать, стелить;
    to lay the table, to lay the cloth накрыть на стол ~ энергично браться (за что-л.) ;
    to lay to one's oars налечь на весла to ~ under obligation обязать ~ up возводить, сооружать ~ up груб. вступить в связь ~ up выводить временно из строя;
    to lay up for repairs поставить на ремонт;
    to be laid up лежать больным ~ up выводить временно из строя ~ up запасать ~ up копить ~ up откладывать, копить ~ up откладывать ~ up выводить временно из строя;
    to lay up for repairs поставить на ремонт;
    to be laid up лежать больным ~ aside pass. быть выведенным из строя ~ aside pass. хворать pass: pass бесплатный билет;
    контрамарка ~ бесплатный билет ~ быть в обращении, иметь хождение (о деньгах) ;
    this coin will not pass эту монету не примут ~ быть в обращении ~ быть вынесенным (о приговоре) ;
    the verdict passed for the plaintiff решение было вынесено в пользу истца ~ быть принятым, получать одобрение( законодательного органа) ;
    the bill passed the Commons палата общин утвердила законопроект ~ быть принятым ~ выдержать, пройти (испытание) ;
    удовлетворять( требованиям) ;
    to pass the tests пройти испытание;
    to pass standards удовлетворять нормам ~ выдержать экзамен( in - по какому-л. предмету) ~ выносить( решение, приговор;
    upon, on) ~ выносить (решение, приговор) ~ выносить приговор ~ спорт. выпад( в фехтовании) ~ давать (слово, клятву, обещание) ;
    to pass one's word обещать;
    ручаться, поручиться ( for) ~ двигаться вперед;
    проходить, проезжать( by - мимо чего-л.;
    along - вдоль чего-л.;
    across, over - через что-л.) ;
    протекать, миновать ~ спорт. делать выпад( в фехтовании) ~ заносить на счет ~ записывать ~ иметь хождение ~ исчезать;
    прекращаться;
    the pain passed боль прошла;
    to pass out of sight исчезать из виду;
    to pass out of use выходить из употребления ~ метал. калибр, ручей валка;
    pass in review воен. прохождение торжественным маршем;
    to hold the pass защищать свое дело ~ кончаться, умирать( обыкн. pass hence, pass from among us, etc.) ~ мелькнуть, появиться;
    a change passed over his countenance у него изме-нилось выражение лица ~ амер. не объявлять( дивиденды) ~ обгонять, опережать ~ одобрять, утверждать, принимать( закон, резолюцию и т.п.) ~ охранное свидетельство ~ карт., спорт. пас ~ карт., спорт. пасовать ~ паспорт ~ пасс (движение рук гипнотизера) ~ перевозить ~ передавать;
    read this and pass it on прочтите (это) и передайте дальше;
    to pass the word передавать приказание ~ передавать ~ передавать в другие руки ~ передавать по наследству ~ пересекать;
    переходить, переезжать( через что-л.) ;
    переправлять(ся) ;
    to pass a mountain range перевалить через хребет ~ переходить (в другие руки и т. п.;
    into, to) ~ переходить (о праве) ~ переходить по наследству ~ (критическое) положение;
    to bring to pass совершать, осуществлять;
    to come to pass произойти, случиться ~ превращаться, переходить ( из одного состояния в другое) ;
    it has passed into a proverb это вошло в поговорку ~ превышать, выходить за пределы;
    he has passed sixteen ему уже больше шестнадцати;
    it passes my comprehension это выше моего понимания;
    it passes belief это невероятно ~ превышать намеченную цифру ~ принимать (закон, резолюцию и т. п.) ~ проводить( рукой) ;
    he passed his hand across his forehead он провел рукой по лбу ~ проводить (время, лето и т. п.) ;
    to pass the time, to make time pass коротать время ~ проводить бухгалтерскую запись ~ вчт. прогон ~ произносить;
    few words passed было мало сказано ~ происходить, случаться, иметь место;
    I saw (heard) what was passing я видел (слышал), что происходило ~ пропуск ~ пропуск, паспорт, охранное свидетельство ~ пропуск ~ пропускать;
    опускать ~ пропускать ~ проход;
    путь (тж. перен.) ~ вчт. проход ~ проход для рыбы в плотине ~ проходить (о времени) ;
    time passes rapidly время быстро летит ~ проходить ~ проходить незамеченным, сходить;
    but let that pass не будем об этом говорить;
    that won't pass это недопустимо ~ пускать в обращение ~ пускать в обращение ~ воен. разрешение не присутствовать на поверке;
    амер. краткосрочный отпуск ~ сдача экзамена без отличия;
    посредственная оценка ~ ставить зачет;
    пропускать (экзаменующегося) ~ ущелье, дефиле;
    перевал ~ фарватер, пролив, судоходное русло( особ. в устье реки) ~ фокус

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > lay

  • 8 work

    work [wɜ:k]
    travail ⇒ 1 (a)-(e), 1 (g) œuvre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (f) besogne ⇒ 1 (b) emploi ⇒ 1 (c) ouvrage ⇒ 1 (f) recherches ⇒ 1 (g) travailler ⇒ 2A (a)-(e), 3A (b), 3A (c), 3A (e), 3C (a) fonctionner ⇒ 2B (a) marcher ⇒ 2B (a), 2B (b) réussir ⇒ 2B (b) agir ⇒ 2B (c), 2B (d) faire travailler ⇒ 3A (a) faire marcher ⇒ 3B (a) façonner ⇒ 3C (a) mécanisme ⇒ 4 1 (a) travaux ⇒ 4 1 (b) usine ⇒ 4 2 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (effort, activity) travail m, œuvre f;
    ∎ computers take some of the work out of filing les ordinateurs facilitent le classement;
    ∎ this report needs more work il y a encore du travail à faire sur ce rapport, ce rapport demande plus de travail;
    ∎ she's done a lot of work for charity elle a beaucoup travaillé pour des associations caritatives;
    ∎ it will take a lot of work to make a team out of them ça va être un drôle de travail de faire d'eux une équipe;
    ∎ keep up the good work! continuez comme ça!;
    ∎ nice or good work! c'est du bon travail!, bravo!;
    ∎ that's fine work or a fine piece of work c'est du beau travail;
    ∎ your work has been useful vous avez fait du travail utile;
    ∎ work on the tunnel is to start in March (existing tunnel) les travaux sur le tunnel doivent commencer en mars; (new tunnel) la construction du tunnel doit commencer en mars;
    ∎ work in progress Administration travail en cours; Accountancy travaux mpl en cours, inventaire m de production; (sign) travaux en cours;
    ∎ she put a lot of work into that book elle a beaucoup travaillé sur ce livre;
    ∎ to make work for sb compliquer la vie à qn;
    ∎ to start work, to set to work se mettre au travail;
    ∎ she set or she went to work on the contract elle a commencé à travailler sur le contrat;
    ∎ he set to work undermining their confidence il a entrepris de saper leur confiance;
    ∎ I set him to work (on) painting the kitchen je lui ai donné la cuisine à peindre;
    ∎ they put him to work in the kitchen ils l'ont mis au travail dans la cuisine;
    ∎ let's get (down) to work! (mettons-nous) au travail!;
    ∎ proverb all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy beaucoup de travail et peu de loisirs ne réussissent à personne
    (b) (duty, task) travail m, besogne f;
    ∎ I've got loads of work to do j'ai énormément de travail à faire;
    ∎ she gave us too much work elle nous a donné trop de travail;
    ∎ he's trying to get some work done il essaie de travailler un peu;
    ∎ they do their work well ils travaillent bien, ils font du bon travail;
    ∎ it's hard work c'est du travail, ce n'est pas facile;
    ∎ it's thirsty work ça donne soif;
    ∎ to make short or light work of sth expédier qch;
    ∎ figurative to make short work of sb ne faire qu'une bouchée de qn;
    ∎ familiar it's nice work if you can get it! c'est une bonne planque, encore faut-il la trouver!
    (c) (paid employment) travail m, emploi m;
    ∎ what (kind of) work do you do? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?, quel travail faites-vous?;
    ∎ I do translation work je suis traducteur, je fais des traductions;
    ∎ to find work trouver du travail;
    ∎ to look for work chercher du travail ou un emploi;
    ∎ to be in work travailler, avoir un emploi;
    ∎ to be out of work être au chômage ou sans travail ou sans emploi;
    ∎ he had a week off work (holiday) il a pris une semaine de vacances; (illness) il n'est pas allé au travail pendant une semaine;
    ∎ to take time off work prendre des congés;
    ∎ she's off work today elle ne travaille pas aujourd'hui;
    ∎ to do a full day's work faire une journée entière de travail;
    ∎ people out of work (gen) les chômeurs mpl; Administration & Economics les inactifs mpl
    (d) (place of employment) travail m; Administration lieu m de travail;
    ∎ I go to work by bus je vais au travail en bus;
    ∎ I'm late for work je suis en retard pour le travail;
    ∎ he's a friend from work c'est un collègue;
    ∎ where is your (place of) work? où travaillez-vous?, quel est votre lieu de travail?;
    ∎ on her way home from work en rentrant du travail
    (e) (papers, material etc being worked on) travail m;
    ∎ to take work home prendre du travail à la maison;
    ∎ her work was all over the table son travail était étalé sur la table
    (f) (creation, artefact etc) œuvre f; (on smaller scale) ouvrage m; Sewing ouvrage m;
    ∎ it's all my own work j'ai tout fait moi-même;
    ∎ it's an interesting piece of work (gen) c'est un travail intéressant; Art, Literature & Music c'est une œuvre intéressante;
    ∎ very detailed/delicate work (embroidery, carving etc) ouvrage très détaillé/délicat;
    ∎ these formations are the work of the wind ces formations sont l'œuvre du vent;
    ∎ the silversmith sells much of his work to hotels l'orfèvre vend une grande partie de ce qu'il fait ou de son travail à des hôtels;
    ∎ the complete works of Shakespeare les œuvres complètes ou l'œuvre de Shakespeare;
    ∎ a new work on Portugal un nouvel ouvrage sur le Portugal;
    ∎ a work of art une œuvre d'art;
    ∎ works of fiction des ouvrages de fiction
    (g) (research) travail m, recherches fpl;
    ∎ there hasn't been a lot of work done on the subject peu de travail a été fait ou peu de recherches ont été faites sur le sujet
    (h) (deed) œuvre f, acte m;
    ∎ good works bonnes œuvres fpl;
    ∎ each man will be judged by his works chaque homme sera jugé selon ses œuvres;
    ∎ charitable works actes mpl de charité, actes mpl charitables;
    ∎ the murder is the work of a madman le meurtre est l'œuvre d'un fou
    (i) (effect) effet m;
    ∎ wait until the medicine has done its work attendez que le médicament ait agi ou ait produit son effet
    (j) Physics travail m
    A.
    (a) (exert effort on a specific task, activity etc) travailler;
    ∎ we worked for hours cleaning the house nous avons passé des heures à faire le ménage;
    ∎ they worked in the garden ils ont fait du jardinage;
    ∎ we work hard nous travaillons dur;
    ∎ she's working on a novel just now elle travaille à un roman en ce moment;
    ∎ a detective is working on this case un détective est sur cette affaire;
    ∎ he works at or on keeping himself fit il fait de l'exercice pour garder la forme;
    ∎ we have to work to a deadline nous devons respecter des délais dans notre travail;
    ∎ we have to work to a budget nous devons travailler avec un certain budget;
    ∎ I've worked with the handicapped before j'ai déjà travaillé avec les handicapés;
    ∎ I work with the Spanish on that project je travaille (en collaboration) avec les Espagnols sur ce projet
    (b) (be employed) travailler;
    ∎ he works as a teacher il a un poste d'enseignant;
    ∎ I work in advertising je travaille dans la publicité;
    ∎ who do you work for? chez qui est-ce que vous travaillez?;
    ∎ she works in or for a bank elle travaille dans ou pour une banque;
    ∎ I work a forty-hour week je travaille quarante heures par semaine, je fais une semaine de quarante heures;
    ∎ to work for a living travailler pour gagner sa vie;
    ∎ Industry to work to rule faire la grève du zèle
    ∎ to work for a good cause travailler pour une bonne cause;
    ∎ they're working for better international relations ils s'efforcent d'améliorer les relations internationales
    (d) (study) travailler, étudier;
    ∎ you're going to have to work if you want to pass the exam il va falloir que tu travailles ou que tu étudies si tu veux avoir ton examen
    ∎ this sculptor works in or with copper ce sculpteur travaille avec le cuivre;
    ∎ she has always worked in or with watercolours elle a toujours travaillé avec de la peinture à l'eau
    B.
    (a) (function, operate → machine, brain, system) fonctionner, marcher;
    ∎ the lift doesn't work at night l'ascenseur ne marche pas la nuit;
    ∎ the lift never works l'ascenseur est toujours en panne;
    ∎ the radio works off batteries la radio fonctionne avec des piles;
    ∎ a pump worked by hand une pompe actionnée à la main ou manuellement;
    ∎ they soon got or had it working ils sont vite parvenus à le faire fonctionner;
    ∎ she sat still, her brain or her mind working furiously elle était assise immobile, le cerveau en ébullition;
    ∎ figurative everything worked smoothly tout s'est déroulé comme prévu;
    ∎ your idea just won't work ton idée ne peut pas marcher;
    ∎ this relationship isn't working cette relation ne marche pas;
    ∎ that argument works both ways ce raisonnement est à double tranchant;
    ∎ how does the law work exactly? comment la loi fonctionne-t-elle exactement?
    (b) (produce results, succeed) marcher, réussir;
    ∎ it worked brilliantly ça a très bien marché;
    ∎ their scheme didn't work leur complot a échoué;
    ∎ that/flattery won't work with me ça/la flatterie ne prend pas avec moi
    (c) (drug, medicine) agir, produire ou faire son effet
    (d) (act) agir;
    ∎ the acid works as a catalyst l'acide agit comme ou sert de catalyseur;
    ∎ events have worked against us/in our favour les événements ont agi contre nous/en notre faveur;
    ∎ I'm working on the assumption that they'll sign the contract je pars du principe qu'ils signeront le contrat
    C.
    ∎ to work loose se desserrer;
    ∎ to work free se libérer;
    ∎ the nail worked through the sole of my shoe le clou est passé à travers la semelle de ma chaussure
    (b) (face, mouth) se contracter, se crisper
    (c) (ferment) fermenter
    A.
    (a) (worker, employee, horse) faire travailler;
    ∎ the boss works his staff hard le patron exige beaucoup de travail de ses employés;
    ∎ you work yourself too hard tu te surmènes;
    ∎ to work oneself to death se tuer à la tâche;
    ∎ to work one's fingers to the bone s'user au travail
    ∎ they worked their passage to India ils ont payé leur passage en Inde en travaillant;
    ∎ I worked my way through college j'ai travaillé pour payer mes études à l'université
    ∎ he works the southern sales area il travaille pour le service commercial de la région sud;
    ∎ the pollster worked both sides of the street le sondeur a enquêté des deux côtés de la rue;
    ∎ figurative the candidate worked the crowd le candidat s'efforçait de soulever l'enthousiasme de la foule;
    ∎ a real-estate agent who works the phones un agent immobilier qui fait de la prospection par téléphone;
    ∎ she works the bars (prostitute) elle travaille dans les bars
    (d) (achieve, accomplish)
    ∎ the new policy will work major changes la nouvelle politique opérera ou entraînera des changements importants;
    ∎ the story worked its magic or its charm on the public l'histoire a enchanté le public;
    ∎ to work a spell on sb jeter un sort à qn;
    ∎ to work miracles faire ou accomplir des miracles;
    ∎ to work wonders faire merveille;
    ∎ she has worked wonders with the children elle a fait des merveilles avec les enfants
    (e) (make use of, exploit → land) travailler, cultiver; (→ mine, quarry) exploiter, faire valoir
    B.
    (a) (operate) faire marcher, faire fonctionner;
    ∎ this switch works the furnace ce bouton actionne ou commande la chaudière;
    ∎ he knows how to work the drill il sait se servir de la perceuse
    ∎ I worked the handle up and down j'ai remué la poignée de haut en bas;
    ∎ to work one's hands free parvenir à dégager ses mains;
    ∎ she worked the ropes loose elle a réussi à desserrer les cordes petit à petit
    ∎ I worked my way along the ledge j'ai longé la saillie avec précaution;
    ∎ he worked his way down/up the cliff il a descendu/monté la falaise lentement;
    ∎ the beggar worked his way towards us le mendiant s'est approché de nous;
    ∎ they worked their way through the list ils ont traité chaque élément de la liste tour à tour;
    ∎ he's worked his way through the whole grant il a épuisé toute la subvention;
    ∎ a band of rain working its way across the country un front de pluie qui traverse le pays;
    ∎ they have worked themselves into a corner ils se sont mis dans une impasse
    (d) familiar (contrive) s'arranger;
    ∎ she managed to work a few days off elle s'est arrangée ou s'est débrouillée pour avoir quelques jours de congé;
    ∎ I worked it or worked things so that she's never alone j'ai fait en sorte qu'elle ou je me suis arrangé pour qu'elle ne soit jamais seule
    C.
    (a) (shape → leather, metal, stone) travailler, façonner; (→ clay, dough) travailler, pétrir; (→ object, sculpture) façonner; Sewing (design, initials) broder;
    ∎ she worked the silver into earrings elle a travaillé l'argent pour en faire des boucles d'oreilles;
    ∎ she worked a figure out of the wood elle a sculpté une silhouette dans le bois;
    ∎ the flowers are worked in silk les fleurs sont brodées en soie;
    ∎ work the putty into the right consistency travaillez le mastic pour lui donner la consistance voulue
    ∎ gently work the cream into your hands massez-vous les mains pour faire pénétrer la crème;
    ∎ work the dye into the surface of the leather faites pénétrer la teinture dans le cuir
    (c) (excite, provoke)
    ∎ the orator worked the audience into a frenzy l'orateur a enflammé ou a galvanisé le public;
    ∎ she worked herself into a rage elle s'est mise dans une colère noire
    (a) (mechanism) mécanisme m, rouages mpl; (of clock) mouvement m;
    ∎ familiar to foul up or to gum up the works tout foutre en l'air
    (b) Building industry travaux mpl; (installation) installations fpl;
    ∎ road works travaux mpl; (sign) travaux;
    ∎ Minister/Ministry of Works ministre m/ministère m des Travaux publics
    2 noun
    ∎ a printing works une imprimerie;
    ∎ a gas works une usine à gaz;
    ∎ price ex works prix m sortie usine
    ∎ the (whole) works tout le bataclan ou le tralala;
    ∎ they had eggs, bacon, toast, the works ils mangeaient des œufs, du bacon, du pain grillé, tout, quoi!;
    ∎ American to shoot the works jouer le grand jeu;
    ∎ American we shot the works on the project nous avons mis le paquet sur le projet;
    ∎ to give sb the works (special treatment) dérouler le tapis rouge pour qn; (beating) passer qn à tabac
    ∎ to be at work on sth/(on) doing sth travailler (à) qch/à faire qch;
    ∎ he's at work on a new book il travaille à un nouveau livre;
    ∎ they're hard at work painting the house ils sont en plein travail, ils repeignent la maison
    ∎ there are several factors at work here il y a plusieurs facteurs qui entrent en jeu ou qui jouent ici;
    ∎ there are evil forces at work des forces mauvaises sont en action
    ∎ she's at work (gen) elle est au travail; (office) elle est au bureau; (factory) elle est à l'usine;
    ∎ I'll phone you at work je t'appellerai au travail;
    ∎ we met at work on s'est connus au travail
    ►► work area (in school, home) coin m de travail; Computing zone f de travail;
    works band fanfare m (d'une entreprise);
    work camp (prison) camp m de travail; (voluntary) chantier m de travail;
    American work coat blouse f;
    works committee, works council comité m d'entreprise;
    work ethic = exaltation des valeurs liées au travail;
    work experience stage m (en entreprise);
    ∎ the course includes two months' work experience le programme comprend un stage en entreprise de deux mois;
    American work farm = camp de travail forcé où les détenus travaillent la terre;
    Computing work file fichier m de travail;
    work flow déroulement m des opérations;
    work group groupe m de travail;
    works manager directeur(trice) m,f d'usine;
    work party (of soldiers) escouade f; (of prisoners) groupe m de travail;
    work permit permis m de travail;
    Computing work sheet feuille f de travail;
    work space (at home) coin-travail m; (in office) & Computing espace m de travail;
    ∎ I need more work space j'ai besoin de plus d'espace pour travailler;
    work surface surface f de travail;
    American work week semaine f de travail
    travailler;
    ∎ while he worked away at fixing the furnace tandis qu'il travaillait à réparer la chaudière;
    ∎ we worked away all evening nous avons passé la soirée à travailler
    glisser;
    ∎ her socks had worked down around her ankles ses chaussettes étaient tombées sur ses chevilles
    (a) (incorporate) incorporer;
    ∎ work the ointment in thoroughly faites bien pénétrer la pommade;
    ∎ Cookery work the butter into the flour incorporez le beurre à la farine
    (b) (insert) faire entrer ou introduire petit à petit;
    ∎ he worked in a few sly remarks about the boss il a réussi à glisser quelques réflexions sournoises sur le patron;
    ∎ I'll try and work the translation in some time this week (into schedule) j'essayerai de (trouver le temps de) faire la traduction dans le courant de la semaine
    (a) (dispose of → fat, weight) se débarrasser de, éliminer; (→ anxiety, frustration) passer, assouvir;
    ∎ I worked off my excess energy chopping wood j'ai dépensé mon trop-plein d'énergie en cassant du bois;
    ∎ he worked off his tensions by running il s'est défoulé en faisant du jogging;
    ∎ to work off one's anger on sb passer sa colère sur qn
    (b) (debt, obligation)
    ∎ it took him three months to work off his debt il a dû travailler trois mois pour rembourser son emprunt
    ➲ work on
    (a) (person) essayer de convaincre;
    ∎ we've been working on him but he still won't go nous avons essayé de le persuader mais il ne veut toujours pas y aller;
    ∎ I'll work on her je vais m'occuper d'elle
    (b) (task, problem)
    ∎ the police are working on who stole the jewels la police s'efforce de retrouver celui qui a volé les bijoux;
    ∎ he's been working on his breaststroke/emotional problems il a travaillé sa brasse/essayé de résoudre ses problèmes sentimentaux;
    ∎ have you got any ideas? - I'm working on it as-tu des idées? - je cherche
    ∎ have you any data to work on? avez-vous des données sur lesquelles vous fonder?
    (continue to work) continuer à travailler
    (a) (discharge fully) acquitter en travaillant;
    ∎ to work out one's notice faire son préavis
    (b) (calculate → cost, distance, sum) calculer; (→ answer, total) trouver;
    ∎ I work it out at £22 d'après mes calculs, ça fait 22 livres
    (c) (solve → calculation, problem) résoudre; (→ puzzle) faire, résoudre; (→ code) déchiffrer;
    ∎ have they worked out their differences? est-ce qu'ils ont réglé ou résolu leurs différends?;
    ∎ I'm sure we can work this thing out (your problem) je suis sûr que nous pouvons arranger ça; (our argument) je suis sûr que nous finirons par nous mettre d'accord;
    ∎ things will work themselves out les choses s'arrangeront toutes seules ou d'elles-mêmes
    (d) (formulate → idea, plan) élaborer, combiner; (→ agreement, details) mettre au point;
    ∎ to work out a solution trouver une solution;
    ∎ have you worked out yet when it's due to start? est-ce que tu sais quand ça doit commencer?;
    ∎ she had it all worked out elle avait tout planifié;
    ∎ we worked out an easier route nous avons trouvé un itinéraire plus facile
    (e) (figure out) arriver à comprendre;
    ∎ I finally worked out why he was acting so strangely j'ai enfin découvert ou compris pourquoi il se comportait si bizarrement;
    ∎ the dog had worked out how to open the door le chien avait compris comment ouvrir la porte;
    ∎ I can't work her out je n'arrive pas à la comprendre;
    ∎ I can't work their relationship out leurs rapports me dépassent
    (f) (mine, well) épuiser
    (a) (happen) se passer;
    ∎ it depends on how things work out ça dépend de la façon dont les choses se passent;
    ∎ the trip worked out as planned le voyage s'est déroulé comme prévu;
    ∎ I wonder how it will all work out je me demande comment tout cela va s'arranger;
    ∎ it all worked out for the best tout a fini par s'arranger pour le mieux;
    ∎ but it didn't work out that way mais il en a été tout autrement;
    ∎ it worked out badly for them les choses ont mal tourné pour eux
    (b) (have a good result → job, plan) réussir; (→ problem, puzzle) se résoudre;
    ∎ she worked out fine as personnel director elle s'est bien débrouillée comme directeur du personnel;
    ∎ are things working out for you OK? est-ce que ça se passe bien pour toi?;
    ∎ did the new job work out? ça a marché pour le nouveau boulot?;
    ∎ it didn't work out between them les choses ont plutôt mal tourné entre eux;
    ∎ their project didn't work out leur projet est tombé à l'eau
    ∎ how much does it all work out at? ça fait combien en tout?;
    ∎ the average price for an apartment works out to or at $5,000 per square metre le prix moyen d'un appartement s'élève ou revient à 5000 dollars le mètre carré;
    ∎ that works out at three hours a week ça fait trois heures par semaine;
    ∎ electric heating works out expensive le chauffage électrique revient cher
    (d) (exercise) faire de l'exercice; (professional athlete) s'entraîner
    (a) American (revise) revoir, réviser
    (b) familiar (beat up) tabasser, passer à tabac
    (a) (turn) tourner;
    ∎ the wind worked round to the north le vent a tourné au nord petit à petit
    ∎ he finally worked round to the subject of housing il a fini par aborder le sujet du logement;
    ∎ what's she working round to? où veut-elle en venir?
    ∎ (bring round) I worked the conversation round to my salary j'ai amené la conversation sur la question de mon salaire
    (a) (insert) faire passer à travers
    ∎ we worked our way through the crowd nous nous sommes frayé un chemin à travers la foule;
    ∎ he worked his way through the book il a lu le livre du début à la fin;
    ∎ figurative I worked the problem through j'ai étudié le problème sous tous ses aspects
    ∎ she worked through lunch elle a travaillé pendant l'heure du déjeuner
    ∎ he worked through his emotional problems il a réussi à assumer ses problèmes affectifs
    ➲ work up
    (a) (stir up, rouse) exciter, provoquer;
    ∎ he worked up the crowd il a excité la foule;
    ∎ he worked the crowd up into a frenzy il a rendu la foule frénétique;
    ∎ he works himself up or he gets himself worked up over nothing il s'énerve pour rien;
    ∎ she had worked herself up into a dreadful rage elle s'était mise dans une rage terrible
    (b) (develop) développer;
    ∎ I want to work these ideas up into an article je veux développer ces idées pour en faire un article;
    ∎ to work up an appetite se mettre en appétit;
    ∎ we worked up a sweat/a thirst playing tennis jouer au tennis nous a donné chaud/soif;
    ∎ I can't work up any enthusiasm for this work je n'arrive pas à avoir le moindre enthousiasme pour ce travail;
    ∎ he tried to work up an interest in the cause il a essayé de s'intéresser à la cause
    ∎ to work one's way up faire son chemin;
    ∎ she worked her way up from secretary to managing director elle a commencé comme secrétaire et elle a fait son chemin jusqu'au poste de P-DG;
    ∎ I worked my way up from nothing je suis parti de rien
    (a) (clothing) remonter
    ∎ the film was working up to a climax le film approchait de son point culminant;
    ∎ things were working up to a crisis une crise se préparait, on était au bord d'une crise;
    ∎ she's working up to what she wanted to ask elle en vient à ce qu'elle voulait demander;
    ∎ what are you working up to? où veux-tu en venir?

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > work

  • 9 before

    before [bɪ'fɔ:(r)]
    avant ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a), 2 (b) en avant ⇒ 1 (b) devant ⇒ 2 (c)-(e) avant de, avant que ⇒ 3 (a) plutôt que de ⇒ 3 (b) précédent ⇒ 4
    ∎ you should have thought of that before tu aurais dû y penser avant;
    ∎ haven't we met before? est-ce que nous ne nous sommes pas déjà rencontrés?;
    ∎ I have never seen this film before c'est la première fois que je vois ce film;
    ∎ I have/had seen it before je l'ai/l'avais déjà vu;
    ∎ he's made mistakes before ce n'est pas la première fois qu'il se trompe;
    ∎ such things have happened before c'est déjà arrivé;
    ∎ she carries on driving as before elle continue de conduire comme auparavant ou avant
    (b) literary (ahead) en avant, devant
    (a) (in time) avant;
    ∎ before the holidays avant les vacances;
    ∎ the day before the meeting la veille de la réunion;
    ∎ two days before your birthday deux jours avant ou l'avant-veille de votre anniversaire;
    ∎ the day before yesterday avant-hier;
    ∎ they arrived before us ils sont arrivés avant nous;
    ∎ the couch won't be delivered before next Tuesday le divan ne sera pas livré avant mardi prochain;
    ∎ it should have been done before now ça devrait déjà être fait;
    ∎ before that, she was a teacher auparavant ou avant ça, elle était professeur;
    ∎ that was before your time (you were not born) vous n'étiez pas encore né; (you had not arrived, joined etc) vous n'étiez pas encore là;
    ∎ familiar it's not before time, and not before time ce n'est pas trop tôt
    (b) (in order, preference) avant;
    ∎ her name was or came before mine in the list son nom était avant le mien sur la liste;
    ∎ ladies before gentlemen les dames avant les messieurs;
    ∎ she puts family before friends pour elle, la famille est plus importante que les amis;
    ∎ they put quality before quantity ils font passer la qualité avant la quantité;
    ∎ the welfare of the people comes before private concerns le bien-être du peuple passe avant tout intérêt privé;
    ∎ before anything else, I would like to thank you avant tout, je voudrais vous remercier
    (c) (in space) devant;
    ∎ formal on the table before them sur la table devant eux;
    ∎ literary fields stretched away before us des champs s'étendaient devant nous;
    ∎ figurative we have a difficult task before us nous avons une tâche difficile devant nous;
    ∎ before my very eyes sous mes propres yeux;
    ∎ Nautical to sail before the wind avoir le vent arrière ou en poupe;
    ∎ Military the troops fled before the enemy les troupes se sont enfuies devant l'ennemi
    (d) (in the presence of) devant, en présence de;
    ∎ he said it before witnesses il l'a dit devant ou en présence de témoins;
    ∎ Law to appear before the court/judge comparaître devant le tribunal/juge;
    ∎ she appeared before the committee elle s'est présentée devant le comité
    ∎ the problem before us la question qui nous occupe;
    ∎ Law the case before the court l'affaire portée devant le tribunal;
    ∎ Law to bring a case before the court saisir le tribunal d'une affaire;
    ∎ the matter went before the council l'affaire est passée devant le conseil
    (a) (in time) avant de, avant que;
    ∎ she hesitated before answering elle a hésité avant de répondre;
    ∎ may I see you before you leave? puis-je vous voir avant que vous ne partiez ou avant votre départ?;
    ∎ I saw him the day before he died je l'ai vu la veille de sa mort;
    ∎ get out before I call the police! fichez le camp avant que je n'appelle la police ou sinon j'appelle la police!;
    ∎ it'll be a long time before he tries that again il ne recommencera pas de sitôt, il n'est pas près de recommencer;
    ∎ we should be able to finish before the boss gets back nous devrions pouvoir terminer avant le retour du patron;
    ∎ it'll be summer before she plants the garden elle ne plantera pas le jardin avant l'été;
    ∎ it'll be two years before the school is built l'école ne sera pas construite avant deux ans;
    ∎ it was almost an hour before the ambulance arrived il a fallu presque une heure avant que l'ambulance n'arrive;
    ∎ before I forget, they expect you this evening avant que je n'oublie, il faut que je te dise qu'ils comptent sur toi ce soir;
    ∎ before you know it avant qu'on ait le temps de dire "ouf";
    ∎ I'll be back before you know it je serai bientôt de retour;
    ∎ it'll be Christmas before we know it le temps va passer vite jusqu'à Noël
    (b) (rather than) plutôt que de;
    ∎ I'll die before I let him marry my daughter je mourrai plutôt que de le laisser épouser ma fille
    d'avant, précédent;
    ∎ the day before la veille;
    ∎ the night before la veille au soir;
    ∎ the week before la semaine d'avant ou précédente;
    ∎ this summer and the one before cet été et celui d'avant ou le précédent

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > before

  • 10 ♦ house

    ♦ house /haʊs, pl. haʊzɪz/
    A n.
    1 casa; abitazione; edificio; dimora; domicilio; casato; famiglia; dinastia; casa commerciale; azienda; ditta: The party is at our house, la festa è a casa nostra; a house for rent, una casa d'affitto; council house ► council; workers' houses, case operaie; at one's house, a casa propria; detached house, una villa (o villetta) unifamiliare; terraced houses, case a schiera; (comput.) software house, azienda che sviluppa software su commessa; software house; publishing house, casa editrice; (stor.) the House of Tudor, la Casa di Tudor; an ancient house, un antico casato; a haunted house, una casa infestata dai fantasmi NOTA D'USO: - home o house?-
    2 (fig.) (la gente di) casa: The whole house was astir, tutta la gente di casa era sveglia e in piedi
    3 (polit.) camera; assemblea legislativa: (in USA) the House of Representatives, la Camera dei Rappresentanti NOTE DI CULTURA: House of Representatives: è una delle due camere del Congresso statunitense (l'altra è il ► «Senate»). I Representatives ( deputati) sono 435 e hanno un mandato di due anni. Vengono eletti nei vari Stati in numero proporzionale alla popolazione. Sono anche chiamati Congressmen e Congresswomen; to enter the House, andare (o essere eletto) alla Camera
    4 locale; teatro; cinema; pubblico, spettatori (a teatr.): a full (o packed) house, un teatro pieno; un pienone (fam.); a thin house, pochi spettatori; una platea semivuota; (fig.) to bring the house down, far crollare il teatro per gli applausi; ( anche) far sbellicare il pubblico (dalle risate)
    5 (GB) rappresentazione (o spettacolo) teatrale (o cinematografico): the first [the second] house, il primo [il secondo] spettacolo
    6 (= house of God) casa di Dio; chiesa
    7 albergo; pensione; locanda; (= eating-house) ristorante, trattoria; (= public house) bar; «casa»; locale: It's on the house!, offre la casa!; (tur., cucina) house special, specialità della casa
    8 capannone; recinto; (naut.) casotto: carriage house, capannone per veicoli; hen house, pollaio
    9 casa dello studente; convitto; convittori
    10 (astrol.) casa
    11 – (polit., in GB) the House (= the House of Commons), i Comuni ( la Camera dei rappresentanti in GB)
    12 (fin.) (fam.) the House, la Borsa Valori di Londra; brokerage house, casa di brokeraggio; società d'intermediazione mobiliare
    14 (eufem.) casa di tolleranza; casino (fam.)
    B a. attr.
    1 della casa; casalingo
    2 per la casa; da casa: a house jacket, una giacca da casa
    3 ( al ristorante) della casa: house wine, vino della casa: DIALOGO → - Ordering food 1- The house wine isn't at all bad, il vino della casa non è per niente male
    4 ( d'animale) domestico: a house cat, un gatto domestico
    5 delle case; degli immobili: DIALOGO → - Asking where someone lives- I bought a little flat just before the house prices went up, ho comprato un appartamentino prima che i prezzi degli immobili salissero
    C inter.
    ● house agent, agente immobiliare; mediatore di case □ one's house and home (espress. enfatica per home), la propria casa; i propri lari (fig.); i propri penati (fig.) □ (leg.) house arrest, arresti domiciliari: to be under house arrest, essere agli arresti domiciliari □ (leg.) house brand, marchio commerciale □ house-broken = house-trained ► sotto □ house builder, imprenditore edile □ (relig.) house church, chiesa carismatica; gruppo carismatico □ house clearance, sgombero di mobili e oggetti vecchi □ ( nei circoli) house dinner, pranzo (o cena) sociale □ house dog, cane da guardia □ (naut.) house flag, bandiera della casa ( cioè, di una società mercantile) □ (fam.) house-hunting, ricerca della casa: to go house-hunting, cercare casa □ (teatr.) house lights, luci della (o di) sala □ (zool.) house martin ( Delichon urbica), balestruccio □ (zool.) house mouse ( Mus musculus), topo delle case □ a house of cards, un castello di carte ( anche fig.) □ (in GB) the House of Commons, la Camera dei Comuni □ (GB stor. o USA) house of correction, casa di correzione; correzionale □ (relig., luogo di culto) house of God, casa di Dio; casa del Signore □ (antiq.) house of ill fame (o repute), casa di malaffare; casa di tolleranza □ (in GB) the House of Lords, la Camera dei Pari; la Camera Alta □ (in GB) the Houses of Parliament, le Camere, il Parlamento NOTE DI CULTURA: Houses of Parliament: il parlamento inglese è formato dalla House of Commons ( Camera dei Comuni) e dalla House of Lords ( Camera dei Lord). La House of Commons è composta da 646 deputati ( Members of Parliament o MPs) eletti a suffragio universale con sistema maggioritario di norma ogni cinque anni, ed è presieduta da uno Speaker. La House of Lords è costituita da membri non eletti che si dividono in Lords Spiritual ( vescovi della Chiesa anglicana) e Lords Temporal ( membri laici dell'aristocrazia) ed è presieduta dal Lord ( High) Chancellor. Fino al 1999 i Lord erano 1200; oggi sono circa 700 e la struttura e la funzione stessa della House of Lords sono in corso di ridefinizione □ house on wheels, casa mobile; ( anche) camper, roulotte □ house organ, giornale aziendale □ house painter, imbianchino □ house party, riunione di ospiti in una casa di campagna ( spesso per l'intero weekend) □ house phone, telefono interno □ house physician, medico interno ( in un ospedale) □ house plant, pianta da appartamento □ house-proud, amante della casa; che ci tiene ad avere una bella casa; fanatico della pulizia in casa □ (zool., Passer domesticus) house sparrow, passero domestico □ (med.) house surgeon, chirurgo interno ( d'ospedale) □ (fisc.) house tax, imposta sulla casa □ house-to-house, di casa in casa; (market.) porta a porta, a domicilio: house-to-house selling [service], vendita [servizio] a domicilio □ house-trained, ( d'animale domestico) abituato a vivere in casa; pulito; (fig.) addomesticato (fig.) □ house union, sindacato d'impresa □ house-warming ► housewarming □ to get on (o along) like a house on fire, fare amicizia in quattro e quattr'otto; andare subito d'accordo; avere un feeling immediato □ to keep house, badare alla (o occuparsi della) casa; governare la casa; accudire alla (o la) casa; to keep house for sb., fare da governante a q. □ to keep house together, dividere la casa (o l'appartamento; con q.) □ to keep a good house, trattarsi bene; non farsi mancare nulla; ( anche) governare bene la casa □ to keep open house, essere molto ospitale; ricevere spesso □ (lett.) to keep to the house, starsene in casa □ like a house on fire, energicamente, con vigore; ( anche) velocemente, come un fulmine; ( anche) a gonfie vele (fig.) □ (polit.) to make a house, assicurarsi il numero legale; raggiungere il quorum □ to move house, traslocare □ (fam.) to play house, ( di bambini) giocare alla famiglia; ( anche) andare a vivere (o mettersi) (con q.) □ to put one's house in order = to set one's house in order ► sotto □ (GB) (as) safe as houses, sicuro come una fortezza □ (fig.) to set one's house in order, sistemare i propri affari; metter le cose a posto □ (prov.) A house divided cannot stand, senza concordia non si tira avanti.
    (to) house /haʊz/
    v. t.
    1 dare una casa a; albergare; alloggiare; ospitare: We'll house him for the weekend, lo ospiteremo per il week-end
    2 collocare; conservare; riporre; sistemare: Some ancient manuscripts are housed here, alcuni manoscritti antichi sono conservati qui
    3 (mecc., ecc.) alloggiare; collocare; incassare
    4 (falegn.) incastrare
    5 (naut.) stivare ( merce); riporre ( l'ancora); alzare, drizzare ( un albero).

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ house

  • 11 get

    [get] 1. гл.; прош. вр. got; прич. прош. вр. got, gotten
    1)
    а) получить (в собственность), стать обладателем

    He got a bicycle for his birthday. — На день рождения ему подарили велосипед.

    Syn:
    б) получить, нажить ( неприятности), навлекать на себя

    She got nothing but trouble for her efforts. — За свои старания она нажила себе только одни проблемы.

    Syn:
    2)

    He got this book at the library. — Эту книгу он взял в библиотеке.

    Syn:

    Get me a pillow. — Принеси мне подушку.

    Help me to get the washing in, it's raining. — Помоги мне занести бельё в дом, а то идёт дождь.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) купить, приобрести

    I got these jeans for $100. — Я купил эти джинсы за 100 долларов.

    Syn:
    б) ( get through) тратить, использовать ( в большом количестве)

    Jim gets through a lot of beer while watching football on television every Saturday. — Джим выпивает изрядное количество пива, пока смотрит футбол по телевизору по субботам.

    4)
    а) извлекать, добывать, получать ( в результате собственных усилий)

    He got this information from the Internet. — Он нашёл эту информацию в интернете.

    You can't get water out of a stone. — Из камня нельзя получить воду.

    б) заработать, получить

    I always get high marks in history. — Я всегда получаю хорошие оценки по истории.

    He got $20 for this work. — Он получил 20 долларов за эту работу.

    в) завоевать, приобрести (в результате военных действий)
    5) получить возможность (что-л. делать), получить разрешение на (что-л.)

    I couldn't get a day off because I had to write a report. — Мне не разрешили взять отгул, так как я должен был написать отчёт.

    I finally got to work at home. — Наконец-то я смог поработать дома.

    6)
    а) приходить; прибывать, достигать

    The snow was so deep that the climbers could not get through to the hut. — Снега было так много, что альпинисты не смогли пробраться к хижине.

    Syn:
    б) ( get at) добираться, доставать до (чего-л.)

    I can't get at the top branches, can you bring the ladder? — Я не достаю до верхних веток, принеси мне, пожалуйста, лестницу.

    в) ( get at) разг. иметь в виду
    7) разместиться, занять место, сесть в ( транспорте); воспользоваться (каким-л. видом транспорта)

    She got her plane two minutes before takeoff. — Она поднялась на борт самолёта всего за две минуты до вылета.

    Syn:
    8) застать, дозвониться, суметь установить связь

    I tried to get you, but your phone was busy. — Я пытался связаться с тобой, но телефон был занят.

    I got (through to) him on the telephone at last. — Наконец я дозвонился до него.

    9) заразиться, подхватить инфекцию

    The teacher got chicken pox from the students. — Учитель заразился ветрянкой от учеников.

    Syn:
    10)
    а) подвергаться, испытывать на себе

    He got a severe concussion. — Он получил серьёзное (тяжёлое) сотрясение мозга.

    Syn:
    б) получить в качестве наказания, возмездия; схлопотать

    He got six years in prison for tax fraud. — Он получил шесть лет за налоговые махинации.

    You'll get a spanking when your father comes home. — Когда отец вернётся, получишь взбучку.

    11)
    а) понять, осознать; выяснить

    He didn't get the point of the joke. — Он не понял, в чём шутка.

    It is always difficult to get at the truth. — Выяснять правду всегда нелегко.

    I cannot get at the meaning. — Я не могу понять, что это значит.

    The children didn't quite get onto what the teacher was saying. — Дети не совсем поняли, что говорил учитель.

    Syn:
    б) дойти до сознания, стать понятным

    Did your speech get over / across to the crowd? — Твоя речь дошла до сознания толпы?

    Though the message was clear, it took long to get it over to the minds of Americans. — Хотя идея была понятна, прошло много времени, пока американцы её восприняли.

    12)
    а) выяснить, обнаружить с помощью подсчётов

    I can't get the total. — Я не могу сосчитать.

    These days, scientists use computers to help them to get out the difficult calculations concerned with space travel. — Теперь учёные используют компьютеры для проведения сложных расчётов, связанных с полётами в космос.

    Sorry, I didn't get your name. — Простите, я не разобрал, как вас зовут.

    13) выучить наизусть, запомнить

    I've got this poem off by heart already. — Я уже выучил это стихотворение наизусть.

    How quickly can you get up this piece for the concert? — Как быстро ты сможешь выучить эту вещь, чтобы исполнить её на концерте?

    Syn:
    14) порождать, производить, вызывать
    Syn:
    15) приготовить, обеспечить готовность

    I have to go and work, I must get out my next speech. — Мне нужно пойти поработать, надо подготовить моё следующее выступление.

    The children are getting up a play for next week. — Дети готовят постановку к следующей неделе.

    Syn:
    16)
    а) передвигаться, перемещаться

    Mother is much better now, thank you, she's able to get about a bit more. — Маме лучше, спасибо; она может уже немного ходить.

    Using the new bridge to get across will save people a lot of time. — Люди будут пользоваться новым мостом, чтобы перебраться на другую сторону, это сохранит им массу времени.

    This new car gets away faster than any of our former models. — Новая модель стартует быстрее всех остальных.

    There's enough room for the car to get by. — Автомобиль вполне может здесь проехать.

    I'm sorry I'm late but the telephone rang just as I was about to leave, and I couldn't get away. — Прошу прощения за опоздание, но я не мог уйти, так как прямо перед моим выходом зазвонил телефон.

    On a clear day, you can see the ships far out to sea, until they get beyond the horizon. — В ясный день корабли видны далеко в море, до тех пор, пока они не скроются за горизонтом.

    The cat climbed the tree, and then couldn't get down. — Кошка забралась на дерево и не могла слезть.

    Don't be afraid of the horse, get on! — Не бойся лошади, садись.

    How can we get over? The traffic's so busy. — Как нам перейти (на другую сторону)? Тут такое сильное движение.

    Put the fence deep into the earth so that the rabbits can't get under. — Врой забор поглубже в землю, чтобы кролики не смогли под ним пролезть.

    The hill was so steep that the old car had difficulty getting up. — Холм был такой крутой, что старая машина еле-еле взобралась на него.

    The history lessons get up to the year 1642 and then stop. — На уроках истории доходят до 1642 года и на этом останавливаются.

    б) двигать, способствовать продвижению, вести (кого-л. / что-л.) прям. и перен.

    to get smth. away — вытаскивать что-л. (наружу)

    to get smb. beyond smth. — помогать кому-л. в развитии, продвижении дальше, чем что-л.

    Please get the children in, their dinner's ready. — Зови детей, обед готов.

    It took him just ten minutes to get the car through the traffic. — Всего за десять минут он смог вырулить из сплошного потока машин.

    The captain got his ship into the harbour safely in spite of rough sea. — Капитан благополучно привёл корабль в гавань, несмотря на бурное море.

    Some additional lessons might get you up to the standard demanded by the examiners. — Несколько дополнительных занятий могут помочь тебе подняться до уровня, который требуют экзаменаторы.

    •
    Syn:
    17)
    а) вмещаться, помещаться

    Since I gained weight, I can't get into my best suit. — Так как я располнел, я не могу влезть в свой лучший костюм.

    Get into bed, and I'll bring you a cup of tea. — Ложись, я принесу тебе чай в постель.

    That grass is newly seeded, please get off! — Газон только что засеяли, пожалуйста, уйдите с него.

    б) класть, помещать, ставить

    This case is too small, I cannot get all my clothes in. — Этот чемодан слишком маленький, я не могу засунуть туда всю мою одежду.

    We shall have to get the tree up by its roots. — Придётся вытащить дерево с корнями.

    I can't get my head into this hat. — Эта шляпа мне мала.

    18)
    а) хватать, брать силой

    The detective got the suspect as he left the restaurant. — Сыщик задержал подозреваемого, когда тот вышел из ресторана.

    The goblins will get you if you don't watch out. — Будь осторожен, иначе тебя поймают гоблины.

    Syn:
    б) захватывать (эмоционально), производить большое впечатление, изумлять

    This music really gets me. — Мне так нравится эта музыка!

    His sad story really got to me, and I was moved to help him. — Его печальная история тронула меня, и мне захотелось помочь ему.

    в) озадачить, поставить проблему

    It gets me why she suddenly decided to sell the house. — Странно, почему она вдруг решила продать дом.

    Syn:
    19) разг.
    а) надоедать, доставать, доканывать

    What got me was his utter lack of initiative. — Его полная безынициативность достала меня.

    His mother at last got across me, making rude remarks in my own home. — Его мать доконала-таки меня своими замечаниями в моем же доме.

    This continuous wet weather is getting me down. — Эта постоянная плохая погода начинает мне надоедать.

    Syn:
    б) ( get after) ругать (кого-л.), придираться к (кому-л.)

    She's always getting after the children for one thing or another. — Вечно она придирается к детям - то за одно, то за другое.

    20)

    She got him on the stomach. — Она ударила его в живот.

    The bullet got him in the leg. — Пуля попала ему в ногу.

    Syn:
    б) разг. побеждать, одолевать, уничтожать прям. и перен.

    The hail got the rose bushes. — Град побил кусты роз.

    The firemen got the fire under in only half an hour. — Пожарные потушили огонь всего за полчаса.

    Syn:
    21) спорт. лишать возможности увеличить счёт ( в бейсболе)
    Syn:
    22) разг. сбежать, исчезнуть; свалить, смыться

    She yelled at the dog to get. — Чтобы прогнать собаку, она стала на неё кричать.

    23) заниматься бизнесом, делать деньги, работать на прибыль

    He puts all his energy into getting and spending. — Он тратит всю свою энергию на то, чтобы зарабатывать деньги и их тратить.

    24) приступать (к чему-л.), приниматься (за что-л.)

    I'd like to get at repainting the house as soon as the weather is suitable. — Я хотел бы снова взяться за перекраску дома, когда погода станет приемлемой.

    We finally got round to answering our correspondence. — Мы наконец выкроили время, чтобы ответить на письма.

    I think I'll be able to get round to this job only next month. — Думаю, до этой работы у меня дойдут руки только в следующем месяце.

    We must get to work at once (on the new building plans). — Надо немедленно приниматься за дело.

    25) (get through / beyond / by / over) проходить через (что-л.), преодолевать, выдерживать прям. и перен.

    I don't know how poor people get through these cold winters. — Не знаю, как бедные переживают такие морозы.

    Your suggestion has got by the first stage and will now be examined by the committee. — Ваше предложение было одобрено на первом этапе и теперь будет рассмотрено комитетом.

    It always takes some time to get over the shock of someone's death. — Когда кто-нибудь умирает, всегда нужно некоторое время, чтобы шок прошёл.

    I can't get over your news, I would never have thought it possible! — Никак не могу свыкнуться с тем, что ты мне сказал, я думал, что такое невозможно.

    The committee will have to find means to get over the difficulty. — Комитет должен будет изыскать средства преодолеть эти трудности.

    а) убедить (кого-л.), заставить (кого-л.) сделать по-своему

    I think I can get round my father to lend us the car. — Я думаю, мне удастся уговорить отца дать нам автомобиль.

    We'll soon get him round (to our point of view). — Мы скоро его переубедим.

    б) обходить (что-л.), уклоняться от (чего-л.)

    If you are clever, you can sometimes get round the tax laws. — Если ты достаточно хитёр, то иногда можно изловчиться и уклониться от налогов.

    Syn:
    27) ( get at) разг. подкупать (кого-л.)

    The prisoners escaped after getting at the guards to leave the gate open. — Заключённым удалось сбежать - они подкупили охрану и ворота остались незапертыми.

    28) (get beyond / past)

    This book got a bit beyond me. — Эта книга оказалась для меня трудноватой.

    It gets past me how he does it! — Мне совершенно непонятно, как он это делает.

    The children tried to build a hut in the garden, but the work got past them and they had to ask their father to help. — Дети хотели построить в саду шалаш, но работа оказалась для них слишком тяжёлой, и они попросили отца помочь им.

    б) иметь трудности с (чем-л.), находить для себя слишком трудным (что-л.)

    Jim's father got beyond running the business on his own. — Отцу Джима оказалось слишком трудным вести дело самому.

    29) ( get onto)
    а) переходить к (чему-л.), начинать (что-л. другое)

    Let's get onto the next scene now. — Теперь перейдем к следующей сцене.

    How did we get onto this subject? It has no connection with what we were talking about. — Как мы перешли к этой теме? У неё же ничего общего с тем, о чём мы говорили?

    б) быть выбранным в (какую-л. организацию)

    My neighbour got onto the city council. — Моего соседа избрали в городской совет.

    в) разг. приставать к (кому-л.), доставать (кого-л.)

    She's been getting onto me for a year to buy her a new coat. — Она уже год выпрашивает у меня купить ей новое пальто.

    г) придумать (что-л.)

    I've got onto a good idea for improving production. — Мне тут пришла в голову неплохая идея на тему улучшения производства.

    30) ( get into)

    You'll get into bad habits if you keep borrowing money. — Если ты и дальше будешь брать деньги в долг, это превратится в дурную привычку.

    в) попадать в какое-л. положение, состояние

    Try not to get into a temper. — Старайся не раздражаться.

    Whatever has got into the children? They're so excitable! — Что это стало с детьми? Они стали так легко возбудимы.

    The devil has got into this class today. — Сегодня в учеников словно вселился дьявол.

    г) попадать, вовлекаться, оказываться впутанным во (что-л.)

    He got into debts. — Его втянули в долги.

    д) начинать (делать что-л.), приступать к (чему-л.)

    I must get into training soon; the cricket season starts next month. — Мне пора начать тренировки; крикетный сезон начинается в следующем месяце.

    е) заинтересоваться (чем-л.), начать заниматься (чем-л.)

    Michael got into radio when he was only fourteen. — Майкл заинтересовался радио, когда ему было всего четырнадцать.

    31) (get smth. / smb. + прич. прош. вр.) получить результат какого-л. действия (над собой, своим имуществом; как следствие собственных усилий или деятельности других лиц)

    He got his arm broken in the fight. — В этой драке ему сломали руку.

    The new director will soon get the firm started. — Новый директор скоро заставит фирму заработать.

    32) (get smth. / smb. + прил.) вызвать (определённое состояние кого-л. / чего-л.)

    He got the children tired and cross. — Он утомил и разозлил детей.

    33)
    а) (get + прич. наст. вр.) начинать делать (что-л.)

    to get going / moving — начать действовать, взяться за дело

    I have to get working on this or I'll miss my deadline. — Я должен начать работать над этим, иначе я не уложусь в сроки.

    б) (get smth. + прич. наст. вр.) обеспечить начало действия чего-л.

    It was he who got the factory working. — Именно благодаря ему завод начал работать.

    34) (have got / got)

    We've got plenty of cash. — У нас много наличности.

    They got a nice house in town. — У них славный домик в городе.

    б) иметь в качестве поручения, обязанности, обязательства

    I have got to leave early. — Мне надо уйти пораньше.

    You've got to do the dishes. — Ты должен помыть посуду.

    35) (get + прич. прош. вр.) подвергнуться указанному действию со стороны (кого-л.)

    She got stung by a bee. — Её ужалила пчела.

    36) (get smb. to do smth.) заставить, просить, убеждать кого-л. что-л. сделать

    The Opera Guild got the governor to serve as honorary chairman. — Гильдия оперных певцов убедила губернатора стать её почётным председателем.

    Syn:
    37) (get + прил. / прич. прош. вр.) становиться, делаться

    Moscow gets awfully cold in winter. — В Москве зимой становится очень холодно.

    - get better
    - get soaked through
    - get wet through
    Syn:
    •
    - get abreast of smth.
    - get abroad
    - get ahead
    - get along
    - get around
    - get away
    - get back
    - get behind
    - get by
    - get down
    - get in
    - get off
    - get on
    - get out
    - get past
    - get round
    - get through
    - get together
    - get up
    ••

    as good as it gets — лучше не бывает; самое лучшее, что можно найти

    to get up an appetite for smth.— почувствовать вкус к чему-л.

    to get smth. into one's head — вбить что-л. себе в голову

    to get on one's feet / legs — вставать, подниматься ( чтобы говорить публично)

    to get smb.'s back up / blood up — разозлить кого-л., вывести из себя

    to get one's dander up, get one's monkey up — разозлиться, выйти из себя

    to have got smb. / smth. on one's nerves — раздражаться из-за кого-л. / чего-л.

    to get the mitten / the sack / walking orders / walking papers — быть уволенным

    to get it in the neck — получить по шее, получить нагоняй

    to get the bit between one's teeth — закусить удила, не знать удержу

    to get one's hand in smth. — набить руку в чём-л., освоиться с чем-л.

    to get one's breath — перевести дыхание; прийти в себя

    to get under way — сдвинуться с места; отправиться

    to get a head — захмелеть, иметь тяжелую голову с похмелья

    to get in wrong with smb. — попасть в немилость к кому-л.

    to get one's own way — добиться своего, настоять на своём, поступать по-своему

    to get rid of smth. / smb — избавиться от чего-л. / кого-л.

    to get back to the grindstone — разг. возвращаться к работе (без особого желания)

    to get hold of smth. — суметь схватить что-л.; суметь достать, приобрести

    to get hold of smb. — разг. застать, перехватить кого-л.

    to get to close quarters — воен. сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию; сцепиться ( в споре); столкнуться лицом к лицу

    Get along with you! — Иди ты! Проваливай! Убирайся!; Так я тебе и поверил! Не болтай ерунды!

    to get smth. under control — установить контроль над чем-л.

    - get left
    - get lost
    - get even
    - get home
    - get oneself together
    - get a bit on
    - get leg in
    - get smth. all wrong
    - get smth. wrong
    - get the upper hand     2. сущ.
    приплод, потомство ( у животных)

    Англо-русский современный словарь > get

См. также в других словарях:

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  • The Pope —     The Pope     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Pope     (Ecclesiastical Latin papa from Greek papas, a variant of pappas father, in classical Latin pappas Juvenal, Satires 6:633).     The title pope, once used with far greater latitude (see below …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The United States of America —     The United States of America     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The United States of America     BOUNDARIES AND AREA     On the east the boundary is formed by the St. Croix River and an arbitrary line to the St. John, and on the north by the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Council of Basle —     Council of Basle     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Council of Basle     Convoked by Pope Martin V in 1431, closed at Lausanne in 1449. The position of the pope as the common Father of the Christian world had been seriously compromised by the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Church —     The Church     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Church     The term church (Anglo Saxon, cirice, circe; Modern German, Kirche; Sw., Kyrka) is the name employed in the Teutonic languages to render the Greek ekklesia (ecclesia), the term by which… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist —     The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist     In this article we shall consider:     ♦ the fact of the Real Presence, which is, indeed, the central dogma;     ♦ the …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Seal of Confession —     The Law of the Seal of Confession     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Law of the Seal of Confession     In the Decretum of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles of Church law which he published about 1151,… …   Catholic encyclopedia

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